LETS HAVE SOME FUN (and learn a little)

THE 2000s

100

Written by Tina Fey, this 2004 high school comedy taught us that "fetch" was never going to happen.

What is Mean Girls?

200

Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie practically lived in matching velour tracksuits made by this specific brand.

What is Juicy Couture? 

300

Elle Woods taught an entire nail salon how to perform this foolproof move to get a guy's attention in Harvard.

What is the "Bend and Snap"? (from Legally Blonde)

400

In the summer of 2014, everyone from your high school friends to Bill Gates dumped freezing water on their heads to raise money for this disease.

What is ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)?

500

Before TikTok, this 6-second video app birthed iconic lines like "Look at all those chickens" and "Road work ahead? Uh, yeah, I sure hope it does."

What is Vine?

More Nutrition

100

Deficiency of this mineral can occur during kidney failure or after GI tract surgeries, while toxicity can result from supplementation in older populations.

What is calcium?

200

 What is the typical cause of magnesium toxicity?

What is impaired excretion via the kidneys?

300

Which vitamin has toxicity that can include GI issues and kidney stones, while the other has no toxicity from the diet but excess supplementation can cause issues in patients taking blood thinners?

What are Vitamin C and Vitamin E?

400

Compare Vitamin D and Vitamin K: which has a common deficiency associated with lack of sunlight, and which has a rare deficiency associated with malabsorption and antibiotic use?

What are Vitamin D and Vitamin K, respectively?

500

Unlike many nutrients, deficiency of this mineral is not dietary and can instead be associated with malnutrition, kidney disease, or parathyroid dysfunction.

What is phosphorus?

BONERS

100

What are the four stages of fracture healing?

1. Acute Inflammation

2. Soft Callus formation

3. Hard Callus Formation

4. Remodeling

200

In HARD callus formation, resorption of soft callus is by ... and mineralization is by ... to form the hard callus

What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively?

300

Relate the serum/urinary bone turnover markers P1NP and CTx to bone formation and resorption

P1NP is a marker of collagen formation

• Collagen molecules are able to assemble into fibrils

• Bone growth marker

CTx is a marker of breakdown

• Bone breakdown marker

400

Describe the changes in P1NP and CTx throughout the 4 phases of fracture healing

Phase 1: Inflammation → P1NP and CTx no change

Phase 2: Soft Callus Formation → P1NP Increase, CTx No change

Phase 3: Hard Callus Formation → P1NP Increase, CTx Increase

Phase 4: Remodeling → P1NP Increase, CTx Increase

500

Describe the role of Sclerostin in osteocyte-dependent regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption by inhibiting the BMP and Wnt pathway which decreases osteoblasts, increases the RANKL/OPG ratio and increases osteoclasts. 

Physio (I'm sorry)

100

Predict the rate and direction of movement of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions across a neuronal cell membrane, given information about the equilibrium potential for these ions

Potassium- likes to move outside the cell; hyperpolarizing it (making it more negative) towards -85 mV

Sodium- likes to move inside the cell; depolarizing it (making it more positive) towards 65mV

Calcium- likes to move inside the cell; rapidly depolarizing it (making it more positive) towards 123 mV

Chloride- will not move; already matches resting membrane potential around -65 mV

200

Describe the role of potassium leak channels and sodium/potassium pumps in generating the resting membrane potential

*Helps keep the membrane potential negative

 - Sodium/potassium pump: uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell (more positive outside than inside)

 - Leak channels: cell is most permeable to potassium; promotes K+ leakage out of the cell (positive charge leaving)

300

Describe absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

Absolute refractory: voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated via a ball-and-chain mechanism that does not allow any sodium ions through

 - Enforces unidirectionality

Relative refractory: voltage-gated potassium channels are slow to close and make the membrane more negative and harder to fire

400

Describe myelination and axon diameter of each. Bonus points if you can say what kind of sensory nerve fiber it is (ex: nociception)

A-alpha (IA/B)

A-beta (II)

A-delta (III)

C-fiber (IV)

○ A-alpha (IA/B)- thick myelin and very large diameter (proprioception)

○ A-beta (II)- thick myelin and large diameter (mechanoreception)

○ A-delta (III)- thin myelin, smaller diameter (fast nocioception)

○ C-fiber (IV)- no myelin, small diameter (slow nocioception

500

Describe the difference between ephaptic transmission and ectopic activation

Ephaptic transmission causes allodynia (pain after soft touch) in demyelinating disorders. 

Because fo the demyelination, ions can escape from A-beta fibers and depolarize near C-fibers. 

Ectopic activation is an action potential generated where it shouldn't be. 

Shelly def has a photo if this doesn't make sense bc jeopardy labs was trying to make me pay $20 to put this image on be so fr. 

Random Clinical Skills

100

What is the patellar DTR? POINT and LEVEL!

L4, patellar tendon below patella

200

What is the achilles DTR? LEVEL and POINT

S1, achilles tendon 

300

A positive Thessaly test presents as and suggests what?

Presents as pain in the meniscal area (lateral or medial) and suggests meniscal pathology

400

Valgus stress test: what is a positive test and what pathology does it suggest

Positive test is excessive gapping and + or - pain

Suggests pathology of the medial collateral ligament

500

What is an absolute contraindication for Muscle Energy?

LACK OF CONSENT