Anatomical Orientation/Movement
What means nearest to the point of reference or point of attachment?
Proximal
Name the four main types of tissue.
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
The _________ is the space between two neurons into which a neurotransmitter is released.
synaptic cleft
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and what are their roles?
Sympathetic: prepares body for "fight or flight" responses
Parasympathetic: promotes "rest and digest" activities
Where does communication between two neurons occur?
synapse
The elbow is _____ to the shoulder, and the heart is ____ to the lungs.
Inferior
Medial
____ are muscles that move a structure, while _____ are muscles that oppose a movement.
Agonists, antagonists
Name two functions of the cerebral spinal fluid.
Cushions neural tissues
Nutrient delivery
Waste removal
Name the cranial nerve responsible for motor innervation of the muscles of mastication.
CN V Trigeminal
The _______ tract carries info from cerebrum to skeletal muscles, and the _______ tract carries info from cerebrum to the brainstem.
corticospinal
corticobulbar
sagittal
Name the three types of joints and their level of flexibility.
Synarthrodial/Fibrous – no mobility
Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous – limited mobility
Diarthrodial/Synovial – high mobility
Name the four lobes of the cerebrum and their general functions.
Frontal: executive function, motor planning, language production
Parietal: integrates sensory info, written comprehension
Occipital: visual perception
Temporal: auditory reception, language comprehension
Describe the spinal reflex arc.
A stimulus/response system that maintains a constant state of muscular tone
How it works: muscles spindles sense stretching, send information through gamma nerves to dorsal root of spinal cord, a signal is sent back from the ventral root for the muscle to contract
Contrast acquired apraxia of speech and childhood apraxia of speech.
Acquired apraxia of speech: can often occur with Broca’s aphasia, can result from a stroke, head injury, tumor, brain illness
Childhood apraxia of speech: present from birth, causes are not well understood, research has not been able to find evidence of brain damage or differences in these children, genetic factors may play a role
To adduct the vocal folds means to move them in which direction?
Toward midline
What are two functions of epithelial tissue?
Acts as a barrier against hostile agents, such as infectious organisms (i.e., skin)
With cilia, can move unwanted substances out
Prevents dehydration and fluid loss
Lines glands and provides secretion
What are the components of the central nervous system?
Brain & spinal cord
What is one difference between upper and lower motor neurons?
Upper motor neurons: responsible for conveying impulses for voluntary motor activity through descending motor pathways; originate in brainstem, and carry information down to the brainstem/spinal cord
Lower motor neurons: innervate skeletal muscle fibers directly; function as final common pathway (final link between CNS and skeletal muscles)
This part of the neuron sends signals away from the soma (cell body)
In humans, ventral and _____ are synonymous, and dorsal and _____ are synonymous
Anterior
Posterior
Name and describe one type of muscle (i.e., what does it look like, is it voluntary or involuntary, and where is it found in the body).
Striated muscle (aka skeletal muscle): striped appearance, VOLUNTARY contraction, found in limbs, neck, face, etc.
Smooth muscle (aka visceral muscle): sheet-like with spindle shaped cells, INVOLUNTARY contraction, found in digestive tract
Cardiac muscle: cells bound together in net-like fashion, somewhat striated appearance, INVOLUNTARY contraction, found in heart wall
Define the two types of dry cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Thrombosis -> foreign body obstructs blood vessel at the site at which the blockage forms
Embolism -> obstruction of blood vessel by foreign body that is carried from elsewhere via blood flow
List the names and function (including sensory and motor component) of FOUR of the cranial nerves that are relevant for speech and hearing.
V (trigeminal): sensory to eyes, nose, face, meninges; motor to tongue and mastication muscles
VII (facial): sensory to tongue (taste), motor to face muscles (expression, tear glands, salivation)
VIII (vestibulocochlear): sensory for hearing and balance
IX (glossopharyngeal): sensory to tongue, pharynx, soft palate; motor to pharynx muscles and stylopharyngeus (gag reflex)
X (vagus): sensory to viscera (e.g. stomach, kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, mediates hunger and thirst); motor to larynx
XI (accessory): motor to pharynx, larynx, soft palate, neck (helpful in holding head up)
XII (hypoglossal): motor to strap muscles of neck and intrinsic/extrinsic tongue muscles (important for articulation, resonance, swallowing)
This cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral surfaces of the hemispheres, including the temporal lobe, motor strip, Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and sensory regions
Middle cerebral artery