1️⃣ Prototypes 🏆
What is a prototype?
Answer: The most typical example of a category.
What is a synonym?
A word with a similar meaning to another word.
What is a hyponym?
A word that falls under a more general category (hypernym).
What is an antonym?
A word that has the opposite meaning of another.
What is polysemy?
When one word has multiple related meanings (e.g., "run" can mean moving fast or managing a business).
Give an example of a prototype for the category "bird."
Answer: A sparrow or robin.
Give a synonym for "happy."
Joyful, cheerful, content.
What is the hypernym of "rose"?
Flower.
Give an antonym for "hot."
Cold.
Give an example of metonymy.
"The White House issued a statement" (White House = the government).
Why are penguins and ostriches not good prototypes for "bird"?
They don’t fit the common features of flying birds.
Why are "slim" and "skinny" not perfect synonyms?
They have different connotations; slim is positive, skinny can be negative.
Which is a hyponym of "vehicle"?
Car, bike, truck.
What type of antonym is "dead" vs. "alive"?
Complementary antonym (one must be true).
True or False: A prototype is always the same in every language.
False, cultural differences can affect prototypes.
What is the prototype effect?
Some category members are recognized faster because they match the prototype.
True or False: All synonyms can be used interchangeably
False, because some synonyms have different nuances.
True or False: "Dog" and "cat" are hyponyms of "animal."
True.
What is a reversive antonym?
An antonym where one action undoes the other (e.g., enter/exit).
What is the relationship between reference and sense?
Sense is the concept behind a word; reference is the actual thing it represents.
How does context affect prototypes?
Different cultures and experiences can change what is considered a typical example.
What is a near synonym
A word with a similar meaning but slight differences in context or tone.
What is the difference between a hyponym and a synonym?
A hyponym is a specific type of something; a synonym means the same thing.
Explain the difference between gradable and complementary antonyms.
Gradable antonyms (e.g., big/small) have degrees; complementary antonyms (e.g., dead/alive) do not.
Why do some antonyms have middle values while others do not?
Gradable antonyms (hot/cold) have degrees, but complementary antonyms (dead/alive) do not.