Dates
When was the Abbey of Cluny established?
910
What are two problems that the early church struggled with?
Who were the black friars?
Dominicans
Who was the foremost saint in Medieval Christendom?
The Virgin Mary
Who was the German king involved in the Investiture controversy?
King Henry IV
When was the first convent established?
512
Explain why the king and the pope were both interested in the bishopric of Milan
King wanted his bishop there to oversee territories, Pope wanted his bishop there because Milan was second most important city in Italy
What is the curia?
Church administration
How are relics, indulgences, and purgatory all connected?
Oftentimes, indulgences were given (sometimes sold) at shrines of relics and the indulgences would shorten the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory
This pope was a monk before being elected pope and saw himself as the vicar of Christ
Pope Gregory VII
When was the Concordant of Worms?
1122
What is "investure?"
Formal ceremony that confers spiritual authority
Explain how/why the Cistercian order was founded
Benedictine monks were displeased with the lack of discipline so decide to go out and found their own order that emphasizes strict austerity and independence from the world
Why is hoarding relics economically advantageous?
Because they generate pilgrimages and a small local economy from all the people selling things along the pilgrimage route and site
Who was the famous nun who conversed and scolded kings because she was so famous?
Hildegard of Benign
What year were the Cistercians founded?
1098
What were the Cluniac reforms, and how did they impact the church?
Reforms started by the Abbey of Cluny that largely simplified the Benedictine rule and rededicated itself to those ideals (more emphasis on manuscript writing than manual labor)
What's the major difference between Franciscans and Dominicans?
Franciscans emphasize missions and Dominicans emphasize preaching
What are two distinctive features of Romanesque architecture? Gothic?
Romanesque - sturdy, fortress-like appearance, massive stone walls, small windows, rounded arches
Gothic - soaring height, decoration, pointed arches, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, verticality, lightness, ornamentation - “architecture of light"
Who was the most famous Cistercian monk and what did he do?
St. Bernard of Clairvaux; started 2nd Crusade, wrote founding documents of the Knights of the Temple, helped changed the view of Christ and personalize Christ
Who lived from 1170-1221?
St. Dominic
Explain the Investiture Controversy
Gregory VII threatens Henry IV with excommunication, Henry IV deposes Gregory, Gregory then excommunicates Henry and releases his followers from their oaths of allegiance, Henry then has to beg forgiveness from Gregory as a rebellion is brewing, Gregory reinstates him and Henry goes back to Germany and promptly returns to old ways and a few years later, comes to Italy with an army and chases Gregory out who then dies in exile
What are the 4 main monastic orders and what does each order emphasize?
Benedictines - discipline; Cistercians - austerity; Franciscans - missions; Dominicans - preaching
How did the emphasis shift in preaching from the 10th and 11th centuries to the 12th and 13th centuries?
Shifted from themes of judgment and fear of hell to optimism, emphasis on a good Christian life, and practical morality
This pope outlawed simony and clerical marriage
Leo IX