Early Childhood: Physical & Cognitive Development
What stage are Preschool children in according to Erik Erickson?
Initiative versus guilt
Solitary play is an example of what type of play?
Non-social play
Which term most broadly refers to behavior intended to hurt or injure another person?
Agression
Which chemical promotes the brain’s control over more primitive functions?
Dopamine
What is metacognition?
It is the awareness of and control of one’s cognitive abilities.
What is egocentrism?
Putting oneself at the center of things.
What are some common characteristics of older siblings?
They tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.
A return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development is called:
Regression
Tying shoelaces is an example of a task that requires which skill?
Fine motor skills
According to Jean Piaget, what stage follows preoperational stage?
Concrete operations
What is somnambulism?
Sleepwalking
What is a characteristic of children with high self-esteem?
Have parents who are attentive to their needs.
What form of parenting involves parents who have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question?
Authoritarian
What is the growth patterns regarding weight in the middle childhood years?
Weight doubles
What characterizes a learning disability?
Inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills.
What causes the increase in brain weight during the preschool years?
Myelination of nerve fibers.
According to Paiget, what is the principle of conservation?
The properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.
Parents who are affectionate toward their children can be described as
Warm
What are some common characteristics is an of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
It is more common in boys
According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, during which level do children base their moral judgments on rules that maintain the social order?
Conventional level
What factor influences cognitive development in early childhood?
Preschool education
What type of play would comprise of eight groups that have to find a hidden object using the clues given to them in the form of puzzles and interact with the group?
Cooperative play
Parents who supervise their children to a certain extent, but also allow their children to do what is “natural,” are considered what type of parenting style?
Permissive
What terms refers to the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to genetic factors?
Heritability
According to Wechsler, what is intelligence?
The ccapacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.