Theories
What is Bronfenbrenner's model?
1. Microsytem
2. Mesosystem
3. Exosystem
4. Macrosystem
Who did the attachment theroy
Bowlby
Authoritarian
What is a teratogen?
environmental agents that disrupt prenatal development, causing birth defects or developmental delays
Animistic Thinking
Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational
What is strange situation?
The attachment style of a the child
Mary Ainsworth
Authoritative
Warm, responsive, high expectations- associated with positive development outcomes
List some challenges in conception
- poor sperm fertility
- fallopian tube dysfunction
What is considered the most harmful period for teratogen exposure?
First trimester
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional (avoid punishment)
1. (5 -8 or 9 years old) Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
2. (8/9-11 or 12 years old) Stage 2: Concrete, Individualistic Orientation
Conventional (others’ approval, social order)
3. (13-16 years old) Stage 3:Social-Relational Perspective
4. (Late adolescent/ young adults) Stage 4:Member of Society Perspective
Postconventional (Principles of justice)
5. (Some adults) Stage 5: Prior Rights and Social Contract-
6. (Some adults) Stage 6: Universal and Ethical Principles-
What are the four attachment styles?
Secure
Insecure-Avoidant
Insecure- Ambivalent
Disorganized
Permissive
High warmth, low control- linked to impulsive, less self-disciplined children
What is neuroplasticity?
ability to rewire through therapy and learning
A seven year old jumps when they hear thunder. What kind of a response is this?
Reflex response
Vygotsky Social Cultural Theory- Describe zone of proximal development and scaffolding
- Things a child can do independently
- Things a child can do with help
- Things a child cannot do without help
Scaffolding: the support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a task within their ZPD
A caregiver who provides inconsistent responses to a child's needs is most likely to foster what style of attachement?
Neglectful
Low warmth, low control- associated with poor self regulations and social issues
Which of the following is an example of experience-dependent brain development?
A. Developing depth perception in infancy
B. Learning to walk by age 1
C. The ability to recognize faces
D. Learning to play the violin
D
A five year old is asked if their friend knows where a hidden object is, even though the friend was not present when it was hidden. What kind of thinking does this represent?
Egocentric thinking
Erikson's Stages of Development
1. Mistrust vs. Trust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair
A child is walking toward a caregiver with his head turned away?
Disorganized
What are the key outcomes of each parenting style
Authoritative- upbeat mood, self-control, cooperation, adaptability, and strong academics
Authoritarian- anxiety, low self-esteem, frustration, and school difficulties
Permissive- impulsivity, disobedience, poor persistence, low self-reliance
Neglect- emotional dysregulation, poor academic and social outcomes, externalizing behaviors
Prenatal Development
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Describe the differences between experience-expectant and experience-dependent in brain development
Experience-Expectant: refers to universal experiences for brain development (ex. exposure to light is critical for visual development in infancy)
experience-dependent: refers to unique, individual experiences that shape the brain (ex. learning to play chess strengthens neural pathways specific to that skill