Principles of Linguistics
Rules and opinions about how people should use language.
What is Prescriptivism?
Consonants produced with complete obstruction of airflow.
What are Stops (or Plosives)?
Mental representations of specific speech sounds vs. sounds that are actually produced in a given context.
What are Phonemes vs. Allophones?
Morphemes that can stand alone vs. morphemes that must be attached to at least one other morpheme.
What are Free Morphemes vs. Bound Morphemes?
Expressions that are required to co-occur with a verb for a sentence to be considered grammatical.
What are Arguments?
According to this design feature, a language must be useful to its users.
What is Pragmatic Function?
The place of articulation for [f] and [v].
What is Labio-dental?
Sounds that never occur in the same phonetic environments but are perceived by listeners as the same sound (e.g., aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in English).
What are allophones of the same phoneme?
Morphemes that create new words by changing the meaning or the lexical category of the word.
What are Derivational Morphemes?
Optional elements of a sentence that provide additional information.
What are Adjuncts?
The ability of a language to communicate about things that are not in the immediate environment.
What is Displacement?
The feature of consonants related to vibration of the vocal chords.
What is Voicing?
Sounds that can occur in the same phonetic environments, such as [p] and [b] in English, and the type of distribution those sounds are in.
What are allophones of different phonemes and contrastive distribution?
Morphemes that serve a specific grammatical function but have no semantic content (meaning).
What are Functional Morphemes?
The two required elements of the following syntactic constituent: PP.
What is a Preposition and a Noun Phrase?
The ability of a language to create an infinite number of new expressions.
What is the Productivity?
The feature that distinguishes [ɪ] from [æ].
What is Height?
Groups of sounds that share one or more properties that no other sounds have.
What are Natural Classes?
What are Bound Roots?
The two types of constituents that are required in any sentence.
What are Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases?
A mental storage system for words and morphemes.
What is the Lexicon?
The type vowels in the following words: coop, cook, caught, cot.
What are Back Vowels?
Examples of these include main/lane, thyme/lime, and hi/bye.
What are Minimal Pairs?
The process of combining two or more free morphemes to create new words.
What is Compounding?
Examples of this type of syntactic constituent include "some delicious cookies" and "an ugly painting."
What are Noun Phrases?