Phonetics & Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
100
What is the branch of linguistics that studies the physical production, transmission, and acoustic properties of human speech sounds?
Phonetics.
100
What is defined as the smallest minimal unit of grammar or language that carries meaning or grammatical function?
A morpheme.
100
What is the semantic relationship between two words that express opposite meanings, such as "alive/dead" or "big/small"?
Antonymy (or antonyms).
200
It's traditional in Jeopardy to phrase this as a statement (ex: The third planet from the sun) 
The velum (or soft palate).
200
Look closely at this morphological structure tree. Considering that the prefix "in-" cannot stand alone as an independent word, what type of morpheme is it based on its level of autonomy?
A bound morpheme (or an affix / prefix).
200
This classic model shows that there is no direct link between a linguistic "Symbol" and a real-world "Referent"—the connection must always go through a mental "Thought or Reference". What is the name of this famous diagram?
The Semiotic Triangle (or the Triangle of Reference / Ogden and Richards Triangle).
300
What term describes a pair of words (like "pat" and "bat") that differ by only one single sound in the exact same position, which linguists use to identify distinct phonemes?
A minimal pair.
300
What is the morphological process where a brand-new word is created by combining two or more independent free morphemes together, such as "sunflower" or "skateboard"?
Compounding (or a compound word)
300
When analyzing word meanings in structural hierarchies, what is the technical term for the literal, objective dictionary definition of a word, as opposed to its emotional or cultural connotations?
Denotation (or denotative meaning).