Phonetics and Phonology
This is the name of the part of the oral tract that controls airflow to the nasal cavity
What is the velum?
The difference between derivation and inflection in morphology.
Derivation impacts meaning/part of speech, while inflection impacts function
With this type of antonymy, there is a continuum between two possible words, as in "hot" and "cold."
What are gradable pairs?
Name five design features of natural language
Mode of communication, semanticity, pragmatic function, interchangeability, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement, productivity
This hypothesis asserts that diachronic language change occurs with regularity.
Neogrammarian Hypothesis
This is the type of airstream that is used for all sounds in English
What is pulmonic egressive?
This syntactic category consists of words like "seems" or "is" that are often described as linking syntactic expressions together.
What are copular verbs?
These are assumptions that must be true in order for a proposition to have a truth value.
What are presuppositions?
Chomsky's nativist theory of language acquisition asserts the existence of a Universal Grammar with an LAD, standing for this.
What is language acquisition device?
The phonological rules of strengthening and weakening can also be described by these two terms, derived from Latin.
What are fortition and lenition?
This is the natural class consisting of /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, and/dʒ/ in English.
Post-alveolar consonants
Optional arguments for syntactic expressions are called these.
What are adjuncts?
Adjectives where the set of referents for [Adj N] is the same as where the sets of referents for the adjective and noun cross.
What are intersective adjectives?
This method allows us to propose what a protolanguage might have sounded like by considering properties of assumed descendant languages.
What is the comparative method (or comparative reconstruction)?
These are verbs that take a sentence as a complement to form a verb phrase.
What are sentential verbs?
This less common alternative to complementary and contrastive distribution in phonology occurs when two normally contrastive sounds can occur in the same phonetic environment, but meaning does not change.
What is free variation?
These are three tests for syntactic constituency.
What are answers to questions, clefting, and substitution?
This term is analogous to "ungrammatical" (as in morphology and syntax) for pragmatics.
What is infelicitous?
This term describes the specific way that a particular individual speaks their language (more specific than a dialect).
What is an idiolect?
This membrane surrounding the brain is believed to be responsible for most of humans' higher-order cognitive abilities, including language.
What is the cortex?
This theory asserts that the most song-like sounds within a syllable occur closer to the nucleus.
What is the sonority wave theory?
This is the name for the type of morphological structure seen in languages such as Arabic, where derivations and inflections are built on a base root form.
What is templatic morphology?
These are words that do not have a specific referent and rely on pragmatic context to determine meaning.
What are deictic words?
This idea, often used as an argument in favor of the innateness hypothesis, describes the notion that children have linguistic competence beyond the input that they are exposed to, suggesting that there must be some innate component to linguistic features.
What is the poverty of the stimulus?
These are languages with writing systems where all consonants have an associated grapheme and vowels are represented with diacritics.
What are abugidas?