Protein Metabolism
What is Deamination?
breaking down an amino acid by the removal of an amine group
If you are looking to gain muscle mass, should you ingest protein after exercising? Why?
yes, you just increased proteolysis while exercising and now you need to replace those amino acids and you need additional amino acids to build muscle mass
What is special about BCAA?
Branch chained amino acids can go straight to the skeletal muscle. The rest of the amino acids have to go to the liver first.
What is special about short and medium chain fats?
They do not require chylomicrons to travel through the blood nor do they need gates to enter into a cell.
What process is GPAT a part of?
TAG synthesis
What are the name of two amino acids that typically go through deamination?
Serine and Threonine
You worked out and burned 500kcals. What does this mean for your plasma TAG levels?
TAG levels will decrease for about two days and then rise on the third day if exercise is not repeated.
What is the difference between acute and chronic in terms of exercise?
Acute is one bout of exercise one time and chronic is multiple bouts of exercise over a month or longer.
Name the three enzymes involved in lipolysis and explain what each one does.
Adipose Triacylglycerol Lipase- TAG into FA and diacylglycerol
Hormone Sensitive Lipase- Diacylglycerol into FA and monoacylglycerol
Monoacylglycerol Lipase- monoacylglycerol into glycerol and FA
What is the name of the enzyme that degrades TAGs?
Lipoprotein Lipase
What is the function of proteases?
Proteases are enzymes that breakdown proteins into amino acids
Too much blood urea levels is a sign of a problem with what organ? Too much blood ammonium levels is a sign of a problem with what organ?
Blood urea- kidney problem
Blood ammonium- liver problem
What is an activated fatty acid called?
acyl
Why can fats and fatty acids not travel through the bloodstream on their own?
fats are nonpolar and all of a body's solutions are aqueous and therefore polar. Fats would then float in the blood and inside cells, so they need to be attached to proteins.
What does the enzyme Acetyl CoA Carboxylase do? What process depends on this enzyme?
ACC creates malonyl CoA from Acetyl CoA
needed for fatty acid synthesis
Does ketogenesis increase or decrease with glucose shortage? Explain.
Ketogenesis increases with glucose (carb) shortage because with less glucose, oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis instead of the CAC. Therefore, acetyl CoA from fats is turned into ketone bodies
What affect does resistance training have on the muscles? explain.
Resistance training increases the cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers, which results in hypertrophy and increased strength.
Can fats become carbs and carbs become fats? Explain why or why not.
Glucose can become fatty acids, but fatty acids cannot be turned into glucose. Glucose can become pyruvate and then acetyl CoA and acetyl CoA can become fatty acids. However, acetyl CoA cannot be turned back into pyruvate to make glucose.
What type of skeletal muscle fibers rely on fats? Explain.
Type 1 rely on fats because type 1 SM fibers are fatigue resistant and generate less force
Explain the roles of FABP-PM, FAT/CD36, FATP and FABP-C.
FABP-PM- grabs the FA from the blood and holds onto it next to the plasma membrane
FAT/CD36- gate for FA into the cell
FATP- gate for FA into the cell
FABP-C- binds to FA inside of the cell
What are the three ways to get rid of glutamate?
1. Oxidative Deamination
2. Transamination (to alanine)
3. Glutamine
Does fatty acid synthesis increase or decrease during exercise? Explain why
Fatty acid synthesis decreases during exercise because you want to be breaking down fatty acids for energy. During exercise, AMPK is going to decrease ACC, which is the enzyme that make malonyl-CoA and is needed for fatty acid synthesis.
What is ammonium and what is special about this molecule?
Ammonium is NH4+ and this molecule is harmful to the brain in large amounts. Therefore ammonium must be broken down by the liver through the urea cycle and then excreted in the urine.
Explain the process of how an acyl CoA molecule gets into the mitochondria.
CAT 1- removes CoA and adds carnitine to make acylcarnitine
CAT II- acylcarnitine back into acyl CoA in the matrix
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase- pumps carnitine out and acylcarnitine into the matrix
What two molecules help with the process of lipolysis?
CGI-58 - helps activate adipose triacylgylcerol lipase
Perilipin 1- helps activate Hormone sensitive lipase