LIPIDS
Where do lipoproteins store fats in the body?
liver, adipose cells, muscle
What hormone speeds up the process of lipolysis in adipocytes?
Epinephrine
What is a lipoprotein and what is its primary role in the body?
a lipoprotein is comprised of lipids and proteins
to transport lipids throughout the body
What complex is responsible for further breaking down BCAA into acyl-CoA during amino acid degradation?
branched-chain-alpha- keto acid dehydrogenase complex
What is the term we use to describe the 'inactive' form of pancreatic enzymes?
zymogen
Which of the following statements accurately describes the initial absorption of dietary lipids across the cell membranes of enterocytes?
a. Full triacylglycerol molecules are directly absorbed across the enterocyte membrane, where they are broken down by LPL
b. Dietary triacylglycerol's are broken down in the intestinal lumen into 2-momacylglycerols and fatty acids, which are absorbed across the enterocyte membrane
DOUBLE: What enzyme located in the bloodstream hydrolyzes triacylglycerol's within lipoproteins to release fatty acids for uptake by other tissues
b. Dietary triacylglycerol's are broken down in the intestinal lumen into 2-momacylglycerols and fatty acids, which are absorbed across the enterocyte membrane
DOUBLE: LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase)
What three key enzymes assist in the process of lipolysis?
DOUBLE: What is lipolysis?
ATGL, HSL, and MGL
Breakdown of a triacylglycerol
What are the four major classes of lipoproteins and arrange them in order from least dense to most dense.
DOUBLE: What are each of the lipoproteins responsible for transporting and where
chylomicron --> VLDL --> LDL --> HDL
What is the role of HCL?
DOUBLE: How do stomach cells protect themselves
Increase accessibility of peptide bonds for
digestive enzymes, has the ability to denature proteins
Mucus secretion by the stomach wall.
How is the rate of muscle synthesis change after resistance exercise?
DOUBLE: How does it change after endurance training?
synthesis increases and reaches 2-4 times its baseline
protein synthesis increases but not as much as with resistance
During fat digestion, what hormone is released by cells located in the duodenal wall to release bile?
Cholecystokinin
Which of the following describes the process of beta oxidation?
Build larger fatty acid molecules
Pathway that leads to the detachment of two in the form of acetyl CoA, or fatty acid degradation
Breakdown of a triacylglycerol
2. Pathway that leads to the detachment of two in the form of acetyl CoA, or fatty acid degradation
Where do lipoproteins store fats in the body?
liver, adipose cells, muscle
What type of training typically causes muscle hypertrophy?
a. endurance training
b. resistance training
b. resistance training
What happens to muscle proteolysis after resistance training? Endurance?
resistance: breakdown gradually increases and peaks within hours
endurance: higher rate of proteolysis
Which of the following is a key event in the activation of the cAMP cascade in adipocytes, leading to lipolysis during exercise?
a. binding of insulin to its receptor, causing an increase in cAMP levels
b. activation of acetylcholinesterase, leading to a decrease in cAMP
c. binding of epinephrine to Beta-adrenergic receptors, activating adenylate cyclase
d. an increase in the activity of LPL within the adipocytes
c. binding of epinephrine to Beta-adrenergic receptors, activating adenylate cyclase
How does the cAMP cascade affect the rate of lipolysis?
increases or speeds it up
What is the formula for calculating the net ATP yield for a fatty acid?
7n - 6
Which of the following is not a BCAA?
a. Leucine
b. Isoleucine
c. valine
d. alanine
d. alanine
What happens to protein balance following resistance training when someone has ingested amino acids? Endurance?
resistance: positive protein balance because synthesis surpasses degradation following exercise
endurance: negative protein balance when amino acid is not consumed, when consumed synthesis will persist for one day after exercise
What three key proteins is PKA responsible for phosphorylating?
perilipin 1, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and CGI-58
What are the products of beta-oxidation?
acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2
What are the products of lipolysis?
glycerol and fatty acids
What is the process by which an amino group is removed?
Deamination
What is protein turnover?
The balance between the synthesis and degradation of proteins, depending on the relative rate of these processes.