Digestion
What are the enzymes that digest lipids?
What do they specifically break down?
lipases
ester bond (located btw glycerol backbone and fatty acids)
Where is bile produced and where is it stored?
Lipids contain more _____ per one gram when compared to proteins and carbs. Why is this relevant?
C-H
C-H converted to ATP in the body. This means you get more energy from lipids (They are more energy dense)(Think about why we feed high fats to growing neonates, it is energy dense)
Lipids are _________ in nature. Causing them to be problematic during digestion and absorption.
hydrophobic
What is the smallest prime number?
2
Where does lipid digestion start in adult animals?
What about neonates?
Adults: stomach
Neonates: Mouth (lingual lipase decreases after weaning)
Once short/medium fatty acids are in the enterocyte, where are they absorbed?
the blood
Where does the delta method start carbon numbering?
Omega method?
Delta: carboxyl
Omega: methyl
Of the glycerol-based lipids, which are found in forages and concentrates?
Compound (Glycolpids and Phospholipids): Forages
Simple (Triglycerides): Concentrates
Who was the president during the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln
What are the lipases involved in lipid digestion, and where are they located and produced from?
Mouth: lingual lipase (Ebner's gland on tongue)
Stomach: gastric lipase (chief cells)
Small Intestines: pancreatic lipase and colipase (pancreas)
How do mixed micelles get fatty acids into the enterocyte?
At the brush border, they disintegrate and allow everything they are composed of to simply diffuse into the enterocyte
What are the two essential fatty acids for most animals?
What is an essential fatty acid specifically for cats?
Where can you find each of these fatty acids?
Essential for most: Linoleic and Linolenic acid (Plants)
Cats: Arachidonic acid (Only meat or fish)
What are the two ends of a fatty acid chain called?
methyl (CH3) and carboxyl (COOH)
Which US state is the Grand Canyon in?
Arizona
The chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the secretion of ____.
What are the 2 functions of this hormone?
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
1. Stimulates production of bile in the liver
2. Stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder
Why is it difficult for free fatty acids and monoglycerides to access enterocytes?
How do they fix this problem?
unstirred water layer (hydrophobic)
Form mixed micelle (bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids)
What is the difference between a conjugated and unconjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid?
conjugated: double bonds separated by a single bond
unconjugated: double bonds separated by more than one single bond
Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature?
They have double bonds, which decreases melting point.
What is the largest country by land area?
Russia
Tell me the importance of bile and colipase in lipid digestion.
Bile: Emulsification (increases SA)
Colipase: Anchors and enhances pancreatic lipase
Where are chylomicrons formed?
What are they composed of?
Where are they transported to?
Formed in enterocytes
Made of: TAG, cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins
(They are a lipoprotein)
Transporter to the lymphatic system
FREE
In session
Does a saturated fatty acid have unconjugated or conjugated double bonds?
Trick question they don't have double bonds
If a train travels at 60 miles per hour for 2 hours, how far does it travel?
120 miles