Lipid facts
The lipoprotein that carries dietary fats into the lymph and eventually the blood.
What is Chylomicron?
Specific factors (nutrients/food components) in the diet that can lower risk for atherosclerosis.(4 things)
What is increased fiber, unsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids, decrease saturated fatty acids and limit added sugars?
Part of a protein that makes it unique and the parts that make them similar.
What is a unique side chain?
What is peptide bonds, amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)?
The process of reading the mRNA to create the proper protein. Involves ribosome, tRNA and mRNA.
What is translation?
The number of calories in equals the number of calories out.
What is energy balance?
The lipoprotein that delivers lipids made in the liver to cells of the body via the bloodstream.
What is Very low-density lipoprotein? VLDL
Ways to reduce risk for heart disease.
What is diet, do not smoke, weight loss/management, physical activity/non-sedentary, increase phytochemicals that are protective against heart disease?
Number of essential amino acids.
The process of converting DNA (genes) into RNA (messenger RNA). Creating mRNA.
What is transcription?
The output components of energy balance.
What is..
-Basal metabolism/resting metabolism (BMR)
-Physical Activity (PA): voluntary/deliberate and NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis)
-Thermic effect of food (TEF).
The protein located on LDLs and binds to the LDL receptor on cells to allow LDL to enter cells.
Optimal values for total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides to reduce risk for heart disease.
What is...
Total cholesterol: 200mg/dl
LDL: <100mg/dl
HDL: >60mg/gl
Triglycerides: <150mg/dl
Hydrochloric acid aids in the conversion of what enzymes during digestion.
What is pepsinogen to pepsin?
The toxic biproduct of deamination, ammonia, is converted to this in order to be excreted by kidneys.
What is Urea?
Part one: When energy INPUT exceeds energy OUTPUT. resulting in weight gain
Part two: When energy INPUT is less than energy OUTPUT. resulting in weight loss
What is positive energy balance?
What is negative energy balance?
Inherited changes (mutations) in the LDL receptor, APOB, and PCSK9 genes, which affect how your body regulates and removes cholesterol from your blood.
What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
High risk for heart disease values of cholesterol.
What is...
Total cholesterol: >240mg/dl
LDL: >160mg/dl
HDL: <40mg/dl
Triglycerides: >200mg/dl
Part one: Location where protease hydrolyzes the remaining polypeptides into tripeptides and dipeptides.
Part two: Location where these tripeptides and dipeptides end up.
What is Small intestinal?
What is absorbed into Small intestinal cells to be broken down to amino acids?
Acute protein insufficiency, commonly in children 18-24 months (symptoms: infections, edema, easy hair pluckability, poor growth and poor wound healing, swollen belly)
What is Kwashiorkor?
Part one: The visceral fat accumulation in the abdominal region causes a high risk for heart disease, DM and hypertension. (apple shaped)
Part two: The subcutaneous fat in the lower body. Less prone to CHD but still at risk. (pear shaped)
What is central obesity?
What is Gynoid/peripheral obesity?
Causes of abnormal LDL uptake, development of plaque and fatty streaks.
What is LDLs are defective (Oxidized), Insufficient or damaged LDL receptors, Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
The role of immune system cells in the development of atherosclerosis.
The process where Nitrogen containing amino group must be removed from the amino acid so the amino acid can be used for ATP synthase.
What is deamination?
Chronic inadequate food intake, essentially starvation (symptoms: little to no fat stored, little muscle mass, poor strength, death from infections)
What is Maramus?
The enzymes that control weight long term and control hunger short term.
What is leptin and Ghrelin?