Lab Skills
You decide to do an experiment to test the effects of exercise on heart rate. What is one controlled variable that you could use?
Having some subjects that do not exercise and measuring their heart rate.
Answer #78
— Compare the structure of the leaves/flowers/seeds of the plant to a hogweed plant.
— Examine the arrangement of the conducting tubes in the stems.
— Carefully take DNA samples from the plants and compare them using gel electrophoresis.
— The chromatography results of the plant pigments could be compared.
— Compare the leaf cells of the plants using a microscope.
— Classify using a dichotomous/taxonomic key.
Two different species occupy the same habitat. Identify one reason these two species might not compete. [1]
— They would eat different foods.
— They eat at different times.
— One species might be active at night; one might be active during the day.
— There is plenty of food for both to survive.
— They occupy different niches.
— They may have a mutualistic/symbiotic relationship.
Until recently, diabetics could rely only on regular blood sugar checks, medications, and low-carbohydrate diets in order to maintain their health. Bioengineers at Boston University are working to create a bionic pancreas. The device includes a sensor implanted just beneath the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. It sends a wireless signal to a smartphone every fi ve minutes. If the phone receives a signal that blood sugar is too low or too high, it then sends a different signal to a separate device also attached to the body. This device releases the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream to return blood sugar levels back to normal.
According to the passage, the bionic pancreas makes corrective actions that return blood sugar levels back to normal. This artificial device helps
(1) produce more sugar
(2) break down blood cells
(3) maintain homeostasis
(4) cure their diabetes
3
Answer #61 and 62
61
— It increases genetic diversity/biodiversity.
— It increases species variation.
— makes the elephant population more diverse
— Captive elephants produce lower-quality sperm.
62
— habitat destruction/loss of food
— lack of reproductive success
— illness/disease
— Breeding programs were not successful.
— climate change
— natural predators
— lack of genetic diversity
Note: Do not allow credit for hunting or poaching
You have decided to test the effects of caffeine intake on blood pressure. What is the independent and dependent variable of this experiment?
DV: Blood pressure
IV: Caffeine presence
Answer #73
Choice 1
Complete the energy pyramid provided below by writing herbivore, plant, and carnivore in the correct locations. [1]
(#54- see diagram)
Plant then herbivore then carnivore
Until recently, diabetics could rely only on regular blood sugar checks, medications, and low-carbohydrate diets in order to maintain their health. Bioengineers at Boston University are working to create a bionic pancreas. The device includes a sensor implanted just beneath the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. It sends a wireless signal to a smartphone every fi ve minutes. If the phone receives a signal that blood sugar is too low or too high, it then sends a different signal to a separate device also attached to the body. This device releases the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream to return blood sugar levels back to normal.
The corrective actions made by the bionic pancreas on a regular basis in response to changing blood sugar levels are similar to which natural biological process?
(1) a feedback mechanism
(2) an immune response
(3) biochemical digestion
(4) ATP production
1
Answer #83
Allow 1 credit for two adaptations. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
— better eyesight to locate food
— ability to produce more offspring
— ability to fly faster
— resistance to diseases in the area
— ability to tolerate hot/cold temperatures
Identify the gas being produced by the plants.
Oxygen
Answer #70 & #71
70
— It is more expensive to repeatedly inject them with the hormone.
— They produce the hormone constantly due to the modified switch.
— The offspring of the salmon will inherit the trait for rapid growth.
71
— They could outcompete the wild salmon for resources.
— They could negatively interact with native salmon.
— They could disrupt the food web.
— The new gene could get into the wild salmon and harm the wild salmon population.
Explain why there is a different amount of energy represented at each level of an energy pyramid. [1]
— As energy is transferred at each feeding level, some is lost as heat.
— Some of the energy is lost at each step of the energy pyramid.
— About 90% of the available energy is lost at each feeding level.
— Some energy is used for life functions.
— At each level, only about 10% is passed on to the next level.
Until recently, diabetics could rely only on regular blood sugar checks, medications, and low-carbohydrate diets in order to maintain their health. Bioengineers at Boston University are working to create a bionic pancreas. The device includes a sensor implanted just beneath the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. It sends a wireless signal to a smartphone every fi ve minutes. If the phone receives a signal that blood sugar is too low or too high, it then sends a different signal to a separate device also attached to the body. This device releases the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream to return blood sugar levels back to normal.
The bionic pancreas sends a signal to a device to release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar. Identify one hormone the device would most likely release.
Insulin or glucagon
Design your own experiment that could be done to test the effect of squeezing clothespins on heart rate.
Include:
-Scientific question
-Hypothesis
-IV, DV, and CV
#47) Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the variables in this experiment?
1
2
3
4
3
Answer #66-67
66
— absence of light
— sulfur-bearing minerals/methane
— high temperatures/heat
— The pressure is very high at deep ocean depths.
67
— Crabs are predators.
— Crabs are consumers of the other organisms.
— The other organisms are the prey.
— Crabs feed directly on animals in the vent community.
— predator/prey relationship
Several students were diagnosed with strep throat. They were all given the same antibiotic and took it for the time specified. Three weeks later, after finishing all their antibiotic, all the students except one no longer had strep throat. State one likely reason why the one student was still infected with strep bacteria. [1]
— The bacteria in the student’s throat were resistant/immune to the antibiotic.
— The bacteria had a mutation that made them resistant to the medication.
— The student had a more severe infection, and it took longer for the antibiotic to work.
— The student had a weaker immune system.
Until recently, diabetics could rely only on regular blood sugar checks, medications, and low-carbohydrate diets in order to maintain their health. Bioengineers at Boston University are working to create a bionic pancreas. The device includes a sensor implanted just beneath the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. It sends a wireless signal to a smartphone every fi ve minutes. If the phone receives a signal that blood sugar is too low or too high, it then sends a different signal to a separate device also attached to the body. This device releases the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream to return blood sugar levels back to normal.
Many hormones are proteins used in cellular communication. Each hormone carries a specifi c message to specifi c target cells. State why each of these hormones is able to deliver a different message.
— Each hormone has a different shape and attaches to a specific receptor.
— Hormones differ in their shapes. If this shape were changed, the molecule would not send the necessary message to the cell.
— Different sequences of amino acids make different hormones, giving them a unique shape.
— Cell receptors are specific for certain hormones.
Do #84
Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
— Increase the sample size of both groups.
— Keep the exercise/time of exercise for each group the same.
— A control group that does not exercise should be included in the design of the investigation.
— Have equal numbers of males in both groups.
— Both groups should include equal numbers of males and females.
— Repeat the experiment.
— Take a resting pulse rate.
2018 LE Regents Question #44 (Graphing)
44) Provide an appropriate label for the y-axis, including units, on the line provided. [1]
45) Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis. [1]
46) Plot the data on the grid, connect the points, and surround each point with a small circle. [1]
Answer #63 and #65
63
— They will recognize the CD19 protein/antigen on the B cells and destroy the B cells.
— They can be used to destroy any cell with the CD19 protein on its surface.
— They recognize the antigen on the surface of the B cells.
— They can kill/destroy B cells.
65
— The person’s immune system will reject/attack cells from the donor.
— The cells of different individuals have different proteins on their surfaces.
— Each person’s cells are different, and one person’s immune system will fight cells from another person.
— Each person’s cells/proteins/genes are different
Reindeer Drool The results of new research highlight interesting findings regarding reindeer and moose saliva. Both reindeer and moose feed on a type of grass called red fescue. Red fescue is usually dangerous to eat due to the presence of a fungus with which it has a mutually beneficial relationship. When the red fescue is eaten, the fungus produces a toxin that decreases blood fl ow in the legs of the moose and reindeer. This could result in the loss of their limbs. Since many reindeer and moose successfully feed on red fescue, scientists wondered if their saliva gave them the ability to eat the grass without suffering from circulation problems. Scientists hypothesized that moose and reindeer saliva might detoxify the grass. To conduct their experiment, the researchers smeared reindeer and moose saliva on cut red fescue that contained the fungus. They learned that the saliva slowed the growth of this fungus and detoxifi ed the grass. The results suggest that some animal species have evolved the ability to fi ght back against a plant’s natural defenses. 56–58 Explain the benefi t of the ability moose and reindeer have to eat red fescue grass. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain why red fescue plants with the fungus normally have an advantage over red fescue plants without the fungus [1]
• explain how moose and reindeer (two separate, but related, mammals) could possess the same adaptation that protects them from the toxin produced by the fungus [1]
56
— The plants with the fungus contain the toxin that usually keeps them from being eaten.
— Plants with the fungus are poisonous to most animals that eat them. Plants without the fungus will be eaten readily by many herbivores with no negative effects.
— The fungus produces a toxin that is harmful to some animals that eat the red fescue grass.
— because it is toxic
— It may not be eaten by reindeer or moose
58
— The two species have a common ancestor that had the adaptation.
— The same genetic mutation occurred independently in each species.
— The ancestors of the two animals may have each had a different mutation that happened to protect them against the fungus toxin.
— The two species are related.
— It is the result of convergent evolution.
Cancer of the ovary is not common, but when it occurs, the cancer can cause the ovary to malfunction. Identify one possible result of an ovary not performing its intended function in the body. [1]
— No eggs would be produced/sterility.
— A female might not produce estrogen/progesterone.
— An egg would not be released by the ovary.
— A woman might have difficulty becoming pregnant.
— Female characteristics would be influenced.
— disrupts the female’s menstrual cycle
Do #79 & #80
Mutated Gene DNA Base Sequence
ACG CGC ACC TTA
mRNA codons UGC GCG UGG AAU
Amino acid sequence CYS ALA TRP ASN