Key Concepts
What does “localization of function” mean in psychology?
The theory that specific parts of the brain are responsible for specific behaviors, functions, or cognitive processes.
What did HM’s case (Milner, 1966) show about the role of the hippocampus?
That the hippocampus is essential for converting short-term memories into long-term memories
One advantage of MRI scans compared to post-mortem studies?
Non-invasive, high-resolution images, study of living brain structures.
Name one function of the hippocampus.
Formation of new long-term memories and spatial navigation.
What was the main finding of Maguire et al. (2000)?
ondon taxi drivers had larger posterior hippocampi than non-drivers, showing spatial memory and navigation are linked to structural brain changes.
One limitation of MRI technology in localization research?
Correlational — can’t prove cause and effect; expensive; can’t be used on all individuals (e.g., metal implants).
What is meant by “strict localization” vs. “distributed function”?
Strict localization means one area has one function (e.g., Broca’s area → speech production). Distributed function means multiple areas can work together to perform a behavior.
Which method did Maguire use to study the taxi drivers’ brains?
MRI
Why might localization be considered reductionist?
It oversimplifies behavior by attributing complex processes to single brain areas, ignoring cognitive and environmental factors.
Define “neuroplasticity” in one sentence.
The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to learning or experience.
What did Draganski et al. (2004) discover about brain changes in juggling?
Learning to juggle caused an increase in grey matter in the mid-temporal area; these changes reversed when participants stopped practicing.
How could Rosenzweig & Bennett (1972) be linked to neuroplasticity?
Rats in enriched environments developed thicker cortices and more dendritic branching than those in deprived ones.
Explain the difference between synaptic plasticity and cortical remapping.
Synaptic plasticity = strengthening or weakening of synapses between neurons. Cortical remapping = entire brain areas change function (e.g., after injury).
What did Merzenich et al. (1984) study in owl monkeys, and what did they find about cortical remapping?
They mapped the sensory cortex of owl monkeys’ hands and then amputated a finger. The brain area that previously received input from that finger was reorganized to respond to adjacent fingers — showing cortical remapping and neuroplasticity.
Which brain structure allowed EP to form new habits despite losing his hippocampus?
The basal ganglia, which supports procedural memory and habit formation.