verbs 11
this is the one verb that needs to be mastered
State of Being: Is, are, was, were, will be...
What is a categorical statement?
A statement that affirms or denies something about a given subject
A diagram of the basic relationships between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate
Square of opposition
The relationship between A and O statements, and I and E statements.
Contradiction
name the verbs of being
am, is, are, was, were, will be
What are the 4 categorical statement forms?
All S are P,
No S are P,
Some S are P,
Some S are not P
Also known as E statements
Universal negative statements; No S are P
When two statements are in ___ if and only they always have opposite truth values
Contradiction
translate popcorn explodes
Popcorn is an exploding thing
What are the rules for translating a statement into standard categorical form?
1 -statements must begin with all, no, or some;
2 - the verb must be a verb of being;
3 -both the subject and predicate must be a noun or noun phrase
Also known as I statements
Particular affirmative statements; Some S are P
what is opposite to A (All S are P) on the square of opposition. Illustrate it
O (some S are not P) is opposite.
what is the 3 step procedure for changing statements into "to be" form.
1. Identify and write down entire subject
2. Choose proper "to be" verb
3. Rewrite entire predicate as predicate nominative (i.e., a noun)
What types of categorical statements are these (100 each correct)
1. Some musicians are songwriters.
2. No dogs are llamas.
3. Some adults are not parents.
4. All Christians are children of God.
1 Some musicians are songwriters. PA
2 No dogs are llamas. UN
3 Some adults are not parents. PN
4 All Christians are children of God. UA
Also known as O statements
Particular negative statements; Some S are not P
who was the first to expound relationships between categorial statements. What book was this recorded in?
Aristotle. His book is "On Interpretation".
This led to the standard Square of Opposition.
translate: Moses objected five times to God's call at the burning bush.
Moses was a God-objector (five times) at the burning bush
Translate these sentences into one of the four standard forms:
-All carnivores eat meat.
-Some students love logic.
-Some politicians do not serve their constituents.
-No herbivores eat meat.
-All carnivores are meat eaters.
-Some students are logic lovers.
-Some politicians are not constituent servers.
-No herbivores are meat eaters.
Also known as A statements
Universal affirmative statements; All S are P
name the 5 different relationships between categorical statements
1. contadiction
2. contrariety
3. subcontrariety
4. subimplication
5. superimplication