Definitions
Logic
The art and science of reasoning
Who is the father of logic and what book did he write:
Aristotle was the father of logic. He wrote Organon which means instrument
Aristotle focused mostly on which type of logic? (Choose one)
Informal
Inductive
Categorical
Propositional
Categorical
Why was formal logic so popular during the Middle Ages?
The Middle Ages were a time of chaos, and formal logic provided them with simplicity and a way of understanding the world around them.
How did Egypt use logic
When building the pyramids they used gemoetry
Formal Logic
Logic that looks at the form of an argument
who used logic to prove God's existence
Thomas Aquinas
When did we see a turn away from Categorical/Formal logic?
Middle Ages
1800s
Renaissance
World War II
Who was the first person to write a logic textbook and what was it called?
Aristotle; Organon
What argument have we been working with thus far this semester:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
So, Socrates is mortal
Informal Logic
Logic that is concerned with the content of an argument
What did William of Ockham say about logic?
He said that "logic is the most useful tool of all the arts"
Which logician applied logic to cause-and-effect relationships?
Thomas Acquinas
George Boole
Francis Bacon
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill
Name one of the reasons why people began to turn away from Aristotelian logic
Because there were so many innovations during the Renaissance, people no longer relied on formal logic
People began to not trust Aristotle’s logic
What is the difference between a propositional and categorical argument?
Categorical are broken down into 3 categories and deal with real things/issues.
Propositional are hypothetical and more complex
Deductive vs. Inductive Logic
Deductive logic is logic that goes from general to specific. It is valid or invalid and always 100% certainty.
Inductive Logic is logic that goes from part to whole. It is strong or weak. Deals with probability.
The Stoics were a school of philosophers who liked to study propositions that did not fit Aristotle's system off logic.
Francis Bacon: Used logic in science/wrote Novum Organum
Georgeo Boole: applied non-existent categories to logic (like ghosts or unicorns)
John Stuart Mill: Used logic in cause-and-effect relationships
Which logician applied categorical logic to categories that do not exist?
Thomas Acquinas
George Boole
Francis Bacon
John Stuart Mill
George Boole
Why are symbols not used in informal logic?
symbols are not used in informal logic because informal logic is concerned with the CONTENT/WHAT IS BEING SAID–symbols change the content.
How does geometry have to do with logic
Geometric formulas are based on ACCEPTED truths like how 3 angles of a triangle = 180 degrees
Categorical vs. propositional logic
Categorical logic's building block are categories known as TERMS. Categorical logic is like a high setting on a microscope as it looks at the DETAILS.
Propositional logic is logic that looks at propositions in relation to one another
Say at least one thing about each philosopher:
- Francis Bacon:
- George Boole:
- John Stuart Mill
Francis Bacon: Used logic in science/wrote Novum Organum
Georgeo Boole: applied non-existent categories to logic (like ghosts or unicorns)
John Stuart Mill: Used logic in cause-and-effect relationships
Which logician wrote Novum Organum?
Aristotle
George Boole
Francis Bacon
John Stuart Mill
Francis Bacon
What led people to stop trusting Aristotelian logic? (the example)
Aristotle had proposed the idea that heavy objects fall faster than light objects, but Galileo proved this to be false. This cause people to realize that Aristotle’s thinking was not always right.
What was the Stoic's paradox we talked about in class?
Liars paradox. this is where someone who always lies says "I am lying." Are they lying about lying...if so, then they are telling the truth which goes against the general understanding that they are a liar.