Types of Reasoning
Begins with a specific observation and applies it to a broad conclusion
Inductive Reasoning
An appeal to ethics and shared moral values
Ethos
Appeal to popularity
“Something must be true because everybody believes it.”
Ad Populum or Bandwagon Fallacy
The speaker connects two events that may have no connection at all.
False Cause Fallacy
Uses facts to come up with additional facts; Begins with the general then moves to the specific
Deductive Reasoning
An appeal to emotions
Pathos
A distraction
The speaker presents irrelevant or off-topic information that draws the conversation from the original discussion or question.
Red Herring
If it’s true in one situation, it must be true in ALL situations.
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
Uses a pattern or trend to make a general conclusion
Abductive Reasoning
An appeal to logic
Logos
A personal attack on the opponent
Latin: “Against the person”
Ad Hominem Attack
The author’s conclusion makes the same point as the statement it’s based on.
Circular Reasoning
Exercise will get you in shape. Sit-ups are a type of exercise. Doing sit ups will get you in shape.
This is an example of __________ reasoning.
Deductive
Greek philosopher who came up with the rhetorical triangle
Aristotle
Speaker makes it seem like only two choices are available.
The speaker signals that one choice is the right one.
Either or Fallacy
“If you don’t pass this quiz, you won’t get into a good college.”
This is an example of the ___________ fallacy.
Slippery Slope
The wrestling team begins practice with 50 sit-ups. The members of the wrestling team are in good shape.
This is an example of ___________ reasoning.
Inductive
"There's no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our advanced security systems will protect the well-being of your family so that you can sleep soundly tonight."
This is an example of ______.
Pathos
“One decision will inevitably lead to a chain reaction of undesirable outcomes.”
The speaker makes a connection between the first move and the inevitable and unrealistic supposed outcomes that will follow.
Slippery Slope Fallacy
“My opponent says he knows how to create jobs, but he’s never worked an honest day in his life.”
This is an example of ___________.
Ad Hominem Attack