Anything Goes
All composers are musicians.
Some musicians are teachers.
Therefore, some composers are teachers.
Valid?
No mid term not distributed
No mammals are warm-blooded.
No whales are mammals.
Therefore, no whales are warm-blooded.
Negatives mean nothing
All metals are elements.
All gold is metal.
Therefore, all gold is an element.
AAA-1
All mammals are vertebrates.
All cats are mammals.
Therefore, all cats are vertebrates.
Already F1
Give the contradictory of: “All philosophers are logicians.”
“Some philosophers are not logicians.”
Who is Mr. Fick's smash main?
My discretion
Some artists are teachers.
Some teachers are communicators.
Therefore, some artists are communicators.
2 Somethings mean nothing
No birds are mammals.
Some sparrows are birds.
Therefore, some sparrows are not mammals.
EIO-1
All fiber cables are data lines.
Some infrastructure is not data lines.
T, Some infrastructure is not fiber cables.
All data lines are fiber cables.
Some infrastructure is not data lines.
T, Some infrastructure is not fiber cables.
Give the contradictory of: “Some painters are not sculptors.”
“All painters are sculptors.”
Provide the contradictory of: “Some citizens are voters.”
No citizens are voters.
No reptiles are warm-blooded.
All snakes are reptiles.
Therefore, no snakes are warm-blooded.
Valid
No circles are triangles.
All equilateral triangles are triangles.
Therefore, no equilateral triangles are circles.
EAO-2
No poisonous plants are safe snacks.
Some garden herbs are safe snacks.
T, Some garden herbs are not poisonous plants.
No safe snacks are poisonous plants.
Some garden herbs are safe snacks.
T, Some garden herbs are not poisonous plants.
Give the contradictory of: “No novels are poems.”
Some novels are poems.
No planets are stars.
All gas giants are planets.
Therefore, no gas giants are stars.
Figure and Mood
EAE-1
All dogs are animals.
All cats are animals.
Therefore, all cats are dogs.
Invalid (middle term not distributed) (animals) Would be wrong too in a F1
All mammals are warm-blooded.
Some mammals are not dogs.
Therefore, some dogs are not warm-blooded.
AOO-3
All public spaces are city parks.
No public spaces are private property.
T, No private property is a city park.
All public spaces are city parks.
No private property are public spaces
T, No private property is a city park.
Indirect reduction
All professionals are degree-holders.
Some designers are not degree-holders.
Therefore, some designers are not professionals.
All designers are professionals
Invalid Original
Some citizens are not registered voters.
All registered voters are eligible jurors.
T, Some eligible jurors are not citizens.
Some registered voters are citizens.
All eligible jurors are registered voters
T, Some eligible jurors are not citizens.
Some engineers are musicians.
No musicians are chemists.
Therefore, some engineers are not chemists.
Valid (even in F1)
All humans are mortal.
No mortals are angels.
Therefore, no angels are human.
AEE-4
Some ecosystems are wetlands.
All wetlands are biodiverse areas.
T, Some biodiverse areas are ecosystems.
Some wetlands are ecosystems.
All biodiverse areas are wetlands.
T, Some biodiverse areas are ecosystems.
Indirect reduction
Some mammals are not swimmers.
All mammals are land animals.
Therefore, some land animals are not swimmers.
All land animals are swimmers
Valid original conclusion