Traditional
What is logic?
The science of right thinking.
What is truth in the study of logic?
Truth is the correspondence of a statement to reality.
What are the two main branches of logic and have a different?
Formal (or minor) is interested in the form or structure of an argument
Material (or major) logic is concerned with the content of an argument
What is validity in the study of logic?
An argument is valid when its conclusion follows logically from its premises.
What is mental image?
The image that forms in your mind after perceiving it with your senses?
What is sense perception?
The act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching.
What is simple apprehension?
The act by which the mind grasps the concept ot general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it.
What is soundness in the study of logic?
An argument is sound when it is both true and valid.
What three things occur during simple apprehension?
1. We perceive a thing with our sense.
2. We have a mental image of the thing.
We conceive the meaning of the thing.
How is mental image different from a concept?
A mental image is representative of a particular thing. Grasping a concept involves understanding universal meaning, or essence or the thing.
What is extension?
The things to which the essence applies.
What is abstraction?
The process by which a simple apprehension is derived from a sense perception and mental image.
What are the two properties of simple apprehension?
Comprehension and extension.
What is comprehension?
What is a term?
A word or group of words which verbally express a concept.
What is logical supposition?
Terms refer to something as it exists logically. Example: man has 5 notes (using man to refer to the mental concept of man)
What is an univocal terms?
A term that has exactly the same meaning no matter when or how it is used. Example: tablesaw, photosynthesis
What are the two properties of terms?
Signification and supposition
What three ways can terms be divided according to their signification?
Univocal terms, equivocal terms, and analogous terms
What are analogous terms?
Terms that are applied to different things but have related meanings. Examples: "set of wheels"
What is real supposition?
Terms refer to something as it exists in the real world.
What three ways can terms be divided according to their supposition?
Verbal existence (material supposition)
Mental existence (logical supposition)
Real existence (real supposition)
What is material supposition?
Terms exist verbally. Example: the word man (versus the mental image or any real man)
What are equivocal terms?
Terms that have entirely different an unrelated meanings, even though they are spelled and pronounced alike. Example: plane, jar
What is the logical form of a sentence?
The form which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically. It must contain a subject-term (noun), copula (is, am are), and predicate-term (noun).