Definitions
Ad Hominem
Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself
A teacher proposes that the class spend more time on math exercises, a parent complains that the teacher doesn't care about reading and writing
Strawman
"If we allow students to retake one test, soon they will expect to retake every test, and eventually grades will become meaningless".
Slippery slope
Straw Man
Simplifying an argument to make it easier to attack
"You are either with us or against us"
False Dilemma
"This celebrity says this diet pill works, so it must be true"
Appeal to False Authority
Red Herring
Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the original topic
Banning cigarettes leading to total government control of personal life
Slippery slope
"No true Scotsman would drink an ale like that!"
No True Scotsman
Appeal to Ignorance
Arguing that a claim is true simply because it has not been proven false, or vice versa
"Buying a popular smartphone just because friends have it."
Ad Populum
"I know I forgot to do the dishes, but look at how clean I made the living room!"
Red Herring
Fallacy Fallacy
Assuming that because an argument contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false.
"This medicine works because it is effective."
Circular Reasoning
"I wore my lucky socks, and we won the game. The socks caused us to win."
Post Hoc