Identifying Logical Fallacies
Presenting only two extreme choices when more options exist.
What is a False Dilemma?
Using pity to persuade someone instead of sound reasoning.
What is Appeal to Pity?
Assuming that a previous event caused a later one simply due to sequence.
What is Post Hoc?
When an argument’s elements contradict each other.
What is Inconsistency?
"Most of my friends say I should dye my hair blonde to look beautiful, so blonde must be the true standard of beauty."
What is Bandwagon?
Using a threat instead of reasoning to make an argument.
What is Appeal to Force?
Quoting an expert who lacks qualifications in the specific field.
What is Appeal to Authority?
Switching the direction of cause and effect in an argument.
What is Wrong Direction?
Applying a rule universally, even when exceptions should apply.
What is Accident?
"If you don’t accept my political views, I will make sure you lose your place in this community."
What is Appeal to Force?
Claiming something is true just because it hasn’t been proven false.
What is Appeal to Ignorance?
Using popularity as evidence of an argument’s truth.
What is Bandwagon?
Reducing an event’s explanation to one cause while ignoring others.
What is Complex Cause?
Comparing two things that are alike in some ways but not in the way assumed.
What is False Analogy?
"Dr. Hart, a historian, says this new diet is the healthiest way to lose weight."
What is Appeal to Authority?
Drawing extreme conclusions from a minor action.
What is Slippery Slope?
Pointing out negative consequences of a belief to argue it’s false.
What is Appeal to Consequences?
Twisting an opponent’s stance to make it easier to refute.
What is Straw Man?
When a situation is presented to force acceptance of two points at once.
What is Complex Question?
"Since nobody has proved aliens exist, they definitely don’t exist."
What is Appeal to Ignorance?
Generalizing about a group based on insufficient evidence.
What is Hasty Generalization?
Not naming or identifying the expert or authority in an argument.
What is Anonymous Authority?
Arguing that if “A” leads to “B,” then “B” also implies “A.”
What is Affirming the Consequent?
Arguing that if “A” isn’t true, then “B” must also not be true.
What is Denying the Antecedent?
"The manager didn’t address the shortage issue directly, so it’s clear they don’t care about solving it."
What is Irrelevant Conclusion?