Low Total Fertility Rate
In a low TFR society, which demographic group outnumbers the younger population?
Older adults
What are two economic consequences of a shrinking workforce?
Reduced productivity and slowed long-term economic growth
Which country is cited as having one of the oldest populations globally with a TFR well below 2.1?
Japan
What percentage of Singaporeans identify "cost" as the biggest barrier to having children?
70%
Which country's "6+6 Model" is an opportunity to explore for gender-equal caregiving?
Iceland
Low TFR is most common in what type of countries?
Developed Countries
Which pillar of sustainability is affected by the weakening of traditional family support structures
The social pillar
What is the effect of the low TFR in Japan?
A rapidly ageing society with fewer young people entering the workforce.
What is a potential long-term risk of more lenient immigration policies in Singapore?
Cultural dilution and demographic imbalance
In the Iceland model, how many weeks of parental leave are transferable?
Only 6 weeks (to encourage active father participation)
What are three reasons why TFR is lower in developed nations?
Higher education levels, economic stability, and changing social norms
What term describes the generation that must care for both children and elderly parents?
The 'Sandwich' Generation
What is the primary cause of rising healthcare costs in Japan?
Increased demand from the growing population of older adults
Which Singaporean scheme provides cash gifts to help with the initial costs of a child?
The Baby Bonus Scheme
France uses the "Family Quotient" reform; what type of tax model does this represent?
A Household Tax reform
What is the specific TFR number needed for a population to exactly replace itself?
2.1
What was the average OECD fertility rate in 1960 compared to 2022
It fell from 3.3 in 1960 to 1.5 in 2022
In Japan, which two sectors are facing severe labor shortages?
Healthcare and Eldercare
How many new citizenships did Singapore grant in 2023 to help stabilize the workforce?
23,500
How does a household-based tax model benefit larger families
The tax burden is adjusted based on family size, meaning families with more children are taxed lower