Trachea
what do the C-shaped rings of cartilage do?
reinforce trachea and prevent collapsing during pressure changes of breathing
what are the main branches of the bronchial tree that we covered?
main (primary bronchus) > lobar (secondary bronchi > segmental (tertiary) bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles
what is the structure of the alveolar walls?
simple squamous epithelium with type I cells and scattered type II cells
what is the hilum of the lungs
indentation on medial surface. site for entry/exit of blood vessels, main bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves
what is the pleurae
thin double layered serosa
what is true about why the trachea rings are C-shaped and not fully closed?
they are incomplete posteriorly which allows the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when swallowed food goes down it
what is the job of the lobar bronchus
supplied one lung lobe each; 3 right, 2 left
what do the type II cells in the alveolar wall do?
secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
what is true of the left lung
smaller, separated into 2 lobes by an oblique fissure and contain the cardiac notch
what are the two types of pleura in the lungs
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
what is the trachealis muscle and what does it do
connects posterior parts of cartilage rings
contracts during coughing to expel mucus
what are some of the cartilage structural changes in the bronchial tree as we get farther down?
cartilage will decrease:
trachea is high in cartilage
bronchi have irregular plates of cartilage
bronchioles have no cartilage
what are the alveoli surrounded by?
fine elastic fibers
what is true of the right lung
has 3 lobes that are separated by oblique and horizontal fissures
what is the parietal and visceral pleura
parietal - lines thoracic cavity wall and superior surface of diaphragm
visceral - covers external lung surface
Do the cilia in the trachea beat up or down?
Up
what are some of the smooth muscle structural changes in the bronchial tree as we get farther down?
smooth muscles increases as cartilage decrease which allows for bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction
what is one significant feature that alveoli contain?
pores that connect adjacent alveoli
they allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized which provides alternative air routes
what do the lungs mostly consist of
air spaces
what fills the pleural cavity
pleural fluid
What are the multiple layers of the trachea? (hint: there is 4)
1. mucosa made of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
2. submucosa made with connect tissue with seromucous glands
3. hyaline cartilage
4. adventitia which is the outermost layer that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle & adipose
what are some of the epithelium structural changes in the bronchial tree as we get farther down?
epithelium will decrease in thickness as it goes down as well as goblet cells and cilia
what is one thing that the alveoli house?
macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
what is true of the lungs and the thoracic cavity
it occupies it all except mediastinum but it is connected to it
what is the function of the pleural fluid within the pleural cavity
provides lubrication to reduce friction during breathing
provides tension so layers do not separate