Biomolecules
Another name for Enzyme?
catalyst
function to increase the ___________
reactions in cells
• Without an enzyme, the reaction rate is __________
because more activation energy is needed to
start the reaction
function to increase the speed of chemical
reactions in cells
• Without an enzyme, the reaction rate is slower
because more activation energy is needed to
start the reaction
have a nucleus surrounding their DNA
• have membrane-bound organelles
• have linear DNA
• are more complex and larger in size than
prokaryotic cells
• can be protists, fungi, plants, or animals
Eukaryotic cells
_______is the process by which
autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose
• The reactants are sunlight, carbon dioxide,
and water
• The products are glucose and oxygen
• Occurs in chloroplasts of plants and algae
Photosynthesis
This process allows plants to use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose.
photosynthesis
Sugars - primary energy source:
made in chloroplasts and
broken down for cellular
energy in the mitochondria of
cells
Carbs
are named after their substrates and often end
in the suffix
-ase
• do not have a nucleus
• do not have membrane-bound organelles
• have circular DNA
• are simpler and smaller in size than eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
is the process by
which all organisms convert the energy
in glucose to ATP energy
• The reactants are glucose and oxygen
• The products are carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP
• Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotes
Cellular respiration
“powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP energy.
Mitochondria
What is glycolysis?
Breaks down sugar
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the:
Active site
Dormant stage - some viruses remain inactive for
weeks to years before multiplying
lysogenic virus
vessels transport sugars, amino
acids, and hormones dissolved in water
from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Phloem
In a population of insects, individuals resistant to pesticide survive and reproduce while non-resistant insects die. Over time, the resistant trait becomes common in the population.
Natural selection
The three biomolecules?
1. Carbs
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Some people cannot digest milk products because they lack a specific enzyme. Which enzyme would be used to break down the lactose in milk
Lactase
virus attaches, injects genetic material,
uses the host to make new particles, then causes the
host cell to lyse
vessels carry water and minerals
from the ground into the roots and up to
other parts of the plant
Xylem
A trait controlled by two alleles shows a phenotype where both traits are expressed equally, such as red and white flowers appearing together.
codominance
Proteins are made in the ______,
travel through the rough ER, and are
packaged by the ___________
Proteins are made in the ribosomes,
travel through the rough ER, and are
packaged by the Golgi
Enzymes are composed of what organic molecule?
Protein
• Not made of cells
• Have no metabolism and require a living host to
multiply or replicate
• are pathogenic, or capable of causing disease
Virus
___________- response to gravity; roots grow
downward, and stems grow upward
_______ response to water; roots grow
toward water, and stems grow away from
water
_______- response to light; stems grow
toward light to maximize photosynthesis
__________- response to touch; enables
climbing, coiling, or protective movement
Gravitropism - response to gravity; roots grow
downward, and stems grow upward
• Hydrotropism - response to water; roots grow
toward water, and stems grow away from
water
• Phototropism - response to light; stems grow
toward light to maximize photosynthesis
• Thigmotropism - response to touch; enables
climbing, coiling, or protective movement
This process occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA, increasing genetic variation.
Crossing over