Multilingualism
Ability of one individual to use more than one language.
Individual multilingualism
Language formally recognised by a state or institution (French in France)
Official language
Horizontal distribution of power among the actors involved in implementing and managing policy.
Governance
Language skills that provide social or economic advantage. (Resource)
Linguistic capital
Unpaid and not recognised languages skills. Ex: a worker in logistics
Invisible multilingualism
Coexistence of multiple languages within a society or state.
Societal multilingualism
Language associated with a country's identity (symbol). (Irish in Ireland, used widely but not official).
National language
Deciding which languages or varieties are given official functions (Kloss).
Status planning
Language treated as a measurable skills. (Product)
Linguistic commodity
Grouping of workers according to shared language practices. It is a natural process(no marginalization)
Linguistic clustering
A group of people sharing norms for language use. often accross borders
Speech community
Language rights and norms tied to geographical territory.
Territoriality principle
Interventions into the form of a language, such as spelling or grammar (Kloss).
Corpus planning
Disadvantage or exlcusion caused by not meeting certain linguistic competences or skills (specially for minorities)
Linguistic penalty/deficit (also ethnic penalty)
Get to know the language capabilities and competences of your staff (Reeves and Wright)
Linguistic auditing
Small, geographically isolated language communities surrounded by another language.
Language islands (Sprachinseln)
Language rights and use of individuals or groups regardless of their location.
Personality principle
Efforts to influence who learns which language and how (Cooper).
Acquisition planning
Use of language to signal prestige, luxury or authenticity. beyond its real functions. Marketing example: Using aesthetically pleasing but semantically irrelevant foreign words or scripts on products to evoke luxury, treating the language as a decorative item.
Fetishization of language
These are some strategies to overcome the language barrier:
-Single corporate language: one language fits all (Usually English)
-Functional multilingualism: relying on a mix of languages
-Linguistic brokering: workers occassionally doing communication multilingual tasks like translation (not recognised and not related to their work)
-External language resources: translation external companies, etc
-Language training for staff: Language programmes
-Selective recruitment: hire people with the required language skills
When languages interact and infouence each other in groups and/or individuals. It can create multilingualism.
Language contact
Replacement of one language by another over time in a contact situation (the language is still spoken somewhere else).
Language shift
This type of public services and translation policies can enhance issues and inequalities regarding language rights as well as access to the individuals to the language
Monolingualism with occasional translation. Because translation or access to public services in certain language is not systematic, therefore, it is not accessible for all citizens
Management system standardising work processes, including language. Ex: call centers
Taylorism
What is the difference between "de jure" and "de facto"?
"De jure" are the formal written norms while "de facto" is what happens in real life and everyday practices