Stages of Writing
This stage of the writing process emphasizes ideas over the mechanics
Drafting
The ability to orally manipulate phonemes in words
Phonemic Awareness
1st -2nd grade students learn long vowel patterns and r-controlled vowels, but may confuse some spelling patterns and reverse the order of letters while in this stage
Written-Word Pattern
Words that have different spellings and pronunciations, but similar meanings
Ex. Fight and Argue, Poison and Venom
Synonyms
This stage focuses on rereading all, or parts of, the text while learning new vocabulary words and participating in mini lessons on reading strategies and skills
Stage 4: Exploring
This stage of the writing process includes making final copies of your work and sharing
Publishing
The smallest unit of sound
Phoneme
In this stage, 2nd-4th grade students can apply what they've learned about one-syllable words to spell longer words and break words into syllables
Syllables and Affixes
Words that have different spellings, pronunciations, AND have opposite meanings from each other
Ex. Tight and Loose, Sick and Healthy
Antonyms
This stage includes using and building on background knowledge to set a purpose for reading and to make predictions, and introduces new vocabulary
Stage 1: Prereading
The stage of the writing process includes choosing a topic, purpose, and genre
Prewriting
The written representation of a phoneme that uses one or more letters
Graphemes
PreK students may create scribbles in shape and letter like forms, but their scribbles are not associated with any specific phonemes whilst in this stage
Emergent
Words that are spelled differently, but have similar, or the same, pronunciations
Ex. There and Their, Cite and Sight, Flower and Flour
Homonyms
This stage includes constructing projects, reading related books, and using learned information in thematic units
Stage 5: Applying
This stage of writing includes rereading, sharing, making changes, and conferencing
Revising
Knowledge about the rules relationships between phonemes and graphemes
Phonics
5th grade students and above are exploring the relationship between spelling and meaning, and learn that words with similar meanings are related in spelling in this stage - while also learning about Latin and Greek root words and affixes
Derivational Relations
A comparison of two things using the words "like" or "as"
Ex. "You're as cold as ice"
Similes
This stage includes writing or drawing in reading logs, and participating in discussions about the reading
Stage 3: Responding
This stage of the writing process consists of proofreading and correcting the mechanics of your writing
Editing
Knowledge about the sound structures of words
Phonological Awareness
In this stage, Kindergarten through 1st grade students are learning to represent phonemes in words with letters - spellings may be abbreviated at first, but they learn to use consonant blends and digraphs
Letter Name-Alphabetic
A comparison that is expressed directly, implying that one thing is the other
Ex. "She has a heart of gold"
Metaphors
In this stage, independent reading, partner reading, reading aloud, or shared reading can all occur - applying reading strategies to examine illustrations and diagrams
Stage 2: Reading