General
What is immunity?
Our body's ability to resist damage from foreign substances.
Where do lymphatics originate?
Lymph capillaries
Name the two primary lymphatic structures.
Red bone marrow & Thymus
What are the two principal cells of adaptive immunity? Where do the above-mentioned cells become immunocompatent?
B cells (B-lymphocytes) - red bone marrow
T cells (T-lymphocytes)- the thymus
Give the two barriers of innate immunity.
skin & mucosa
Give three functions of the lymphatic system.
1. Reabsorb interstitial fluid/maintain healthy levels
2. Transport dietary fat
3. Maintain blood volume & pressure by fluid return
4. Surveillance and defense
A. Lymphatics deliver lymph through what two main ducts. B. Which named duct drains fluid from the majority of the body.
Thoracic duct & Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Like tonsils of the intestine, these structures monitor intestinal bacteria. Name structures and specific location.
Peyer's patches
Ilium of small intestine
Name the 4-types of lymphatic or lymphoid cells.
1. Macrophages
2. Reticular cells
3. Dendritic cells
4. Lymphocytes
Consists of cells that attack specific antigens, will remember encounter, and improve attack with next encounter.
Adaptive immunity (specific)
Where are all lymphocytes made?
Red bone marrow
When ISF pressure is great, this allows for the opening of flaps. Name the vessel type.
Lymphatic capillaries
A. To be considered an organ, a lymphatic organ must have what complete structure? B. Name the three organs.
A. Complete capsule
B. Lymph nodes, spleen & thymus
How do Natural Killer cells and other phagocytic cells know how to take down cells infected with viruses or tumor cells?
The tumor and infected cells release Interferons (IFN's)
It is easier for a bad microbe to be phagocytized if at least one of the following two things have occurred to it. Give the two things.
Tagged by compliment (opsonization) or antibodies have bound to the microbe
List four lymphatic structures of Immune Defense
1. Lymphatic tissues/cells
2. tonsils
3. Peyer's patches
4. Lymph nodes
5. Spleen
6. Thymus
What is a lacteal, and what does it do? (Be specific)
Specialized lymphatic capillaries are located within the small intestine. They reabsorb interstitial fluid, dietary fat, and lipid-soluble vitamins.
Lymph that enters the afferent vessels is filtered through the cortex & medulla, then leaves the efferent vessels. Identify the structure.
Lymph node
Which two main cell types (although there can be more) engulf a small bit of antigen and present it to helper T cells?
Dendritic cells & Macrophages (eventually lymphocytes)
List two differences for each of the following: A. Antibody-mediated immunity & B. Cell-mediated immunity
A. A response to extracellular antigens and a response to extracellular pathogens by B-lymphocytes and Plasma cells
B. A response to intracellular antigens and a response to intracellular pathogens by killer T cells
List three things you can change daily that can help boost your immune system.
1. Get more sleep
2. Improve your diet
3. Daily exercise
4. Reduce stress
List the 4-types of lymphatic vessels.
1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Lymphatic collecting vessels
3. Lymphatic trunks
4. Lymphatic ducts
Red pulp and white pulp are both part of the histology of this structure. With red pulp containing components for circulating blood and white pulp resembling nodules with germinal centers. Identify structure.
Spleen
These cells release cytokines, stimulating the body's innate defenses and activating B-cells and killer T-cells.
Helper T cells
When Helper T-cells stimulate cloning... What cell type will typically be made? Why?
Plasma cell clones because they make antibodies.