Common problems
Most common cause of AUB in adolescents
Anovulation/ Immature hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Congenital or acquired coagulopathy associated with AUB
Von Willebrand Disease
Criteria used to make the diagnosis of PCOS
Rotterdam Criteria
Fetal heart rate deceleration due to cord compression
Variable deceleration
Definitive treatment of AUB
Hysterectomy
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, there is a embryonic heartbeat, and the patient has vaginal bleeding
Threatened abortion
Common term for a woman who has not had a period in 1 year who is 40 years of age and older
Menopause
Frequency of pap smears between 21-29 years of age
Every 3 years
Most common cause of female virilization
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Greatest risk factor for gestational diabetes
Prior history of gestational diabetes and obesity
NSAIDs mechanism of action to improve AUB
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, there is no vaginal bleeding, and there is no embryonic heartbeat
Missed abortion
Most common cause of amenorrhea in a reproductive age female
Pregnancy
Name the main types of fibroids and their location
Submucous (in the endometrial cavity), subserosal ( outside the uterus) , intramural (within the myometrium), pedunculated (on a stalk inside or outside the uterus)
Most common ovarian tumor associated with female virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Third trimester conditions which involve painless vaginal bleeding
Placenta previa and vaso previa
Preferred diagnostic test for women 45 years of age and older with AUB
Endometrial sampling with endometrial biopsy or D&C
Type of loss where the cervix is open, there is vaginal bleeding, and there are intrauterine products of conception
Incomplete abortion
Most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
Class of medications which bind to and block activity of endogenous GnRH in the pituitary gland
GnRH antagonists
Primary treatment for PCOS
Lifestyle changes
Cervical length measurement that is considered concerning in pregnancy
Less than 2.5 cm
Mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptive in treating AUB
Atrophy the endometrium and suppress ovulation
Type of loss where the cervix is closed, the patient has vaginal bleeding, and there are no products of conception present
Complete abortion
Greatest risk factor for ovarian cancer
Age and a strong family history of breast and ovarian cancer
Hormone produced by peripheral fat which increases the risk of endometrial cancer
Estrone
Medication which decreases the rate of testosterone production and increases its metabolic clearance
Spironolactone
Greatest predictor of fetal acid-base status
Fetal heart rate variability
First line management for treatment of AUB in adolescents
Oral contraceptive pills and NSAIDs
Most common cause of recurrent pregnancy loss
Aneuploidy