5.1/5.2
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What was the first vaccine and what separate disease was it derived from?
Smallpox, Cowpox
What was the original goal of the Microbial Genome Project?
To sequence the whole genomes of microbes with potential applications in environmental biology, research, industry, and health
What are the two most commonly used methods to identify microbial strains?
PCR and Whole genome sequencing
What color does Gram-positive bacteria appear?
Dark purple
What is the bacterial cell wall made of?
Give 3 biological tools used during the adaptive immune response.
How did scientists extract DNA from all of those microbes?
Usually scientists isolated DNA directly from the environmental sample because it was too difficult to replicate the growth conditions of all of the different microbes studied.
What is the branch of public health sciences that studies the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and other factors relating to health
Epidemiology
What is the decolorizer?
Alcohol
What is corkscrew bacteria called?
How do vaccines work?
Vaccines insert part of a virus into an organism to stimulate an immune response, allowing the organism to generate memory B cells for this specific antigen
To determine if individuals share a core human microbiome
To understand how we acquire and maintain microbial communities
To identify how changes in the microbiome correlate to changes in human health
To identify the conditions that affect the microbiome
To develop new methods to support analysis of microbiomes
To discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of studying this branch of science
Bioinformatics tool for identifying microbes made in 1996
What is the counterstain?
What is a fusion protein?
Recombinant proteins tagged with a known protein, acting as a probe.
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Dead or inactive microbes are inserted into the organism to stimulate an immune response
What did we learn from the Human Microbiome Project?
There are about 1000 bacteria strains present in each person
The microbiome starts at birth and is partially acquired from the biological mother
The microbiome is substantially different from person to person
The gut microbiome remains relatively stable over time in individuals
What are gene chips used for?
to detect and identify pathogens and examine host responses to infectious diseases
Which type of bacteria has a complex cell wall and low peptidoglycan?
Gram Negative
A reporter gene, bioluminescence
What is a disadvantage of an attenuated vaccine?
Sometimes the weakened virus can mutate and grow in strength.
How many bacteria strains are present in each person approximately?
1000
What type of transmission involves a pathogen being passed from mother to child in utero or during childbirth?
Vertical Transmission
What acts as the reagent?
Gram Iodine