People
Who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who proposed that planets revolve around the sun in ellipses rather than circles?
Johannes Kepler
What radical decision do commoners in the estates general make?
On their own declare they are now France’s new parliament (new national assembly)
What is the tennis court oath?
a promise on the part of the national assembly that they would remain together until France had a constitution
Who are active and passive citizens?
Active- men than have $ to pay taxes (can vote)
Passive-poor men and women (can't vote)
Who was arrested for heresy for their scientific findings using a telescope?
Galileo Galilei
What person discovered crystal spheres do not hold the planets in place?
Isaac Newton
List 4 events that occur on Bastille Day
-8,000 angry Persians raid the streets
-steal weapons from a hospital
-rioters are shot at by prison guards
-national guardsmen help rioters
-commander of Bastille is beheaded
1. Lower food prices
2. Accept changes made by National Assembly
3. Louis XVI and family move to Paris
What 2 countries are first watching France? What happens between these countries & France?
-Austria & Prussia
-France declares war on them
This person argued that the gov. has a responsibility to protect certain basic rights and if the gov. doesn't protect those rights, they can be overthrown. (Double points if you can name the three basic rights)
John Locke (life, liberty, and property)
This person argued for prison reform; believed prison should be about refrom not punishment
Cesare Beccaria
Who created the civil constitution of the Clergy? What is it?
-Created by NA
- Mandated all priests be elected by parishes (traditionally appointed) bishops had to be elected too
-All clergy in France were required to take an oath of loyalty to the state - promised to have an alliance to the state (forced priests to accept the revolution)
What revolution had to occur before the industrial revolution? Why?
-Agricultural revolution
-Better farming techniques -> more food -> population increase (provided and industrial workforce)
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and why is he significant?
-France's youngest, successful general
-Eventually rules France as Consul for life and Emperor
-Exiled 2x to Elba & St. Helena
-Has conflicts with Britain, Spain, Russia, Portugal
-Sells Louisianan purchase
This person believed in the separation of powers and different branches of gov. (double points of you correctly name all 3 branches)
Baron of Montesquieu (Legislative, judicial, & executive)
The person was known as the BEST absolute monarch
Louis XIV
Describe 3 impacts of urbanization
-Increased population made working condition terrible
-Living conditions were poor
-Children worked in factories
-More poverty/homelessness
-Diseases were everywhere
-Infant mortality was very high
What peace deal does Napoleon make with the Pope? What did the deal say?
-The Concordat
-Refused to make Catholicism the national religion; state would pay salaries of priests and pastors; recognized Catholicism had a special place in France
Who created the cotton gin and what did it do? Why is it important?
-Eli Whitney
-Separated seeds out of cotton
-Lowered price of cotton
This person gave us the social contract theory, (triple points if you can tell me what the social contract theory is)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau; (Social contract between the gov and the people (a constitution) to explain the rights and responsibilities of the gov and the people)
This person was the head of the Committee of Public Safety, and he is responsible for the period of terror in France.
Maximilien Robespierre
List 3 things that occur under the Committee of Public Safety
-Terror in France
-Religion was eliminated
-New Calendar
-Ban slavery in all french colonies
-Wanted to turn France into a utopia
Name the 3 estates and describe the issue of voting
1. Clergy 2. Nobles 3. Commoners
-Commoners wanted 1 person = 1 vote
-Clergy and Nobles wanted each estate to get 1 vote (3 votes total)
How did the national assembly try to make France a better place (list 3)
-created a committee on the needy to deal with poverty
-created the first welfare state
-tried to expand public education
-created more fair courts
-provided religious equality
-church reform