Carbohydrates
Select the FALSE statement regarding carbohydrates.
A) They may be bonded to proteins.
B) They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
C) part of the cell structure of bacteria.
D) Only some living things contain sugars.
D
Are lipids composed of regular subunits?
Yes or No
No, there can many components to Lipids
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
More than 20 but ONLY 20 are important
Two most important Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
What is the monomer and polymer of Carbs?
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
And Disaccharides are two sugars
What are the two kinds of fatty acids attached to a glycerol?
Unsaturated and saturated
Unsaturated usually has kinks and double bonds in it
Saturated usually has no kinks and no double bonds
Trans, but I don't think you need to know this one
What kinds of bonds are formed between the monomers of proteins?
Peptide bonds
ATP is NOT a nucleic acid
TRUE or FALSE
False, ATP is a nucleic acid
How do you synthesize bigger sugars like Glycogen, what is the process called?
Dehydration synthesis
(Removing water to create)
Hydrolysis is breaking via water
(Hydro=water lysis=breaking)
Why are phospholipids a great choice for the cell membrane?
Remember it's called a lipid bilayer
The phosphate group of the phospholipids is polar and the tails are non-polar. So the tails face the interior, and the heads face the exteriors(outward the cell and inward the cell).
All monomers of the proteins have the following structure:
Amino group
Alpha (α)carbon
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen atom
AND WHAT ELSE
The R group, it's what makes them unique
The R group could be basic, or acidic, polar, or non-polar
What are monomers of nucleic acids called and what makes them up?
Nucleotides, and they are made up a Phosphate group, a Pentose sugar, and a Nitrogenous Base
What kind of bond is formed between two sugars?
Is it covalent or ionic?
Glycosidic bond
Covalent
Name the many lipid groups
4
Fats (like saturated and unsaturated)
Phospholipids (important)
Waxes
Steroids
Name at least 3 functions of Proteins
Structure
Enzymatic catalysis
Regulation
Transportation
Defense and offense
What is the differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA uses the Pentose sugar known as Deoxyribose, and RNA uses the sugar known as Ribose.
DNA uses the nitrogenous bases known as A, T, C, G. RNA uses the nitrogenous bases known as A, U, C, G.
DNA is usually double stranded, and RNA is usually single stranded.
What are the function of carbs?
Name at least 3
Quick energy source
Stored as glycogen for long-term energy
Forms the cell wall
Backbone of Nucleic Acids
Converted to amino acids
Involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells
Where are they found in bacteria, what type? And what two symptoms does this LPS commonly cause?
Complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram negative
negative bacteria
Responsible for symptoms of fever and shock
Name all the structures a protein can have, and what makes each structure unique
Primary: The type, number, and order of amino
acids.
Secondary: Interaction of the functional groups, R groups, makes this stage. Usually α helix, and β pleated sheet
Tertiary: The secondary structures fold on themselves due to the R groups again. Torsion caused by interaction between functional groups Covalent sulfide bonds
Quaternary: Two or more polypeptides interact to form the complete version of a protein. Not always the case, and may stop at tertiary, secondary, and even primary.
What is ATP made of? How does it release energy and what is it's new name after releasing energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate is made up of the Nitrogenous base known as Adenine, the Pentose sugar Ribose, and Three Phosphate groups.
It releases energy when the third phosphate group is broken off. Then it become ADP, Adenosine Diphosphate.