Carbohydrates
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Glucose (a monosaccharide).
Are lipids technically considered polymers?
No, lipids are not polymers. But in class, we do refer to them as polymers.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
What type of biological molecule are enzymes?
Proteinsen or gelatin?
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the main function of glucose in living organisms?
Short-term energy storage
What are the two main components of a triglyceride?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What determines a protein's function?
The sequence of amino acids, which determines its shape and function.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 300 pts
What sugar is found in the structure of DNA?
Deoxyribose
What do enzymes bind to in order to catalyze a reaction?
Substrates
What type of bond commonly holds monomers together to form polymers?
Covalent bonds.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
What are polysaccharides, and give an example of one used for energy storage in plants.
Polysaccharides are carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides. Starch is an example used for energy storage in plants.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?
Peptide bonds.
What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded and uses deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and uses ribose sugar.
What is the function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
A monomer is a single unit, while a polymer is made up of repeating monomer units.
What differentiates cellulose from starch in terms of chemical structure and digestion?
Cellulose has a different chemical structure than starch, making it indigestible by most animals unless they have a large fermentation organ.
Describe the structure and function of phospholipids in cell membranes.
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, forming bilayers that make up cell membranes.
What happens to a protein when it is denatured?
It loses its shape and function, often irreversibly.
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 400 pts
What happens to an enzyme when it is exposed to very high temperatures?
It becomes denatured, losing its shape and function.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
Why are macromolecules essential for life?
Macromolecules are involved in many biological processes, such as energy storage, cell structure, and genetic information transfer.
Explain how glycogen and chitin differ in terms of their functions in organisms.
Glycogen stores energy in animals, while chitin provides structural support in the exoskeletons of insects.
BTS BONUS QUESTION! 100 pts
How do steroids differ structurally from other lipids, and give an example?
Steroids consist of four interconnected carbon rings. Cholesterol is an example.
Name two structural proteins and their functions.
Keratin provides protection in skin and nails, while collagen offers support in connective tissues.
BONUS BTS QUESTION 200 pts
Explain the role of ATP in cellular energy transfer.
ATP stores energy in cells and releases it by converting to ADP when energy is needed.
How does competitive inhibition affect enzyme activity?
Competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme's active site, preventing the substrate from binding, thus reducing enzyme activity.
Describe how dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are involved in macromolecule formation and breakdown.
Dehydration synthesis links monomers by removing water, forming polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break polymers into monomers.
How do disaccharides form, and what is an example of one commonly found in food?
Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction. Sucrose is an example commonly found in food.
Explain how the structure of a phospholipid contributes to its role in cell membranes.
The hydrophobic tails avoid water while the hydrophilic heads interact with it, forming a bilayer that protects the cell's internal environment.
Explain how protein folding influences biological activity.
Proper folding gives proteins their specific 3D shape, which is essential for their biological function; misfolded proteins may lose their activity or cause diseases.
Describe how nitrogenous bases pair in DNA.
Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine through hydrogen bonds.
Explain the lock-and-key theory of enzyme specificity.
According to the lock-and-key theory, each enzyme has a specific active site that only fits substrates with a complementary shape.
How do macromolecules differ in terms of solubility in water?
Carbohydrates and nucleic acids are typically soluble, while lipids are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.