Biological Perspective
Major Depressive Disorder runs in families, suggesting influence from this biological factor
Genes
Persistent sadness or loss of interest lasting two or more weeks is required for this diagnosis.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
This gender is more likely to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder.
Women
Depression can result in lost wages due to this outcome.
Unavailability or low motivation for work.
This model explains how vulnerability plus stress can trigger depression.
Diathesis-Stress Model.
This hormone is often elevated in people with depression due to chronic stress.
Cortisol.
This psychological process involves overthinking problems and their causes, worsening depression.
Rumination
Living on an income below this amount increases risk for MDD.
<$20,000
MDD can cause individuals to abandon these ideas.
Goal-Setting
Stressful life events interact with genes that regulate this neurotransmitter.
Serotonin.
In depression, this brain region involved in emotion regulation shows reduced activity.
Prefrontal Cortex
This occurrence causes individuals to believe they have no control over negative outcomes.
Learned Helplessness
Employment status that increases factors for depression.
Unemployed.
Severe Depression may require this level of care, more intense than common therapy treatments.
Hospitalization.
Depression symptoms occur at full intensity for a period, then gradually subside — this describes what type of disorder?
Episodic Disorder.
Heightened activity in this brain structure is associated with increased negative emotion in depression.
Amygdala.
This pattern of thinking involves comparing oneself to others, increasing feelings of failure.
Negative Social Comparison
Being separated, divorced, or widowed increases the risk of depression due to the loss of this positive factor.
Social Support
Depression increases the risk of this physical health condition.
Heart Disease.
Most individuals recover from a depressive episode within this amount of time.
One Year.
Low levels of these two neurotransmitters are linked to depressive symptoms.
Serotonin and Norepinephrine
Depression is described as a vicious cycle because negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors ___ eachother
Reinforce.
Discrimination related to mental illness can prevent people from doing these key tasks.
Keeping relationships, finding jobs, and pursuing education.
Chronic activation of the stress response involves this system.
Sympathetic Nervous System
50%-60% of people who experience one episode will do this.
Experience another episode.