chapter 6
The process of watching people or animals and systematically recording how they behave or what they are doing is called what reaserch.
observational
What is the difference between population and sample?
population is a more generalizable group. A sample is a smaller set.
What is the numerical range for the Pearson r correlation coefficient?
negative or postive 1
what is a whats the difference between a longitudinal design and a multivariate design
multivariate: A study designed to test an association involving more than two measured variables.
longitudinal:A study in which the same variables are measured in the same people at different points in time.
is this basic or applied reaserch?
A professor wants to understand how stress affects college students. She conducts a study in a university laboratory where students complete several memory tests while researchers measure their cortisol levels.
basic
What are response sets?
A shortcut respondents may use to answer items in a long survey, rather than responding to the content of each item.
Name all the biased sampling methods and describe them.
Snowballing: A variation on purposive sampling, a biased sampling technique in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study.
Quota sampling: a researcher identifies subsets of the population of interest, sets a target number for each category in the sample, and nonrandomly selects individuals within each category until the quotas are filled.
Purposive sampling: selecting only certain kinds of people for a sample.
Convenience sampling: sample based on those who are easiest to access and readily available; a biased sampling technique.
What happens if the CI has a 0?
it is not staitically significant
How does longitudinal research help us to establish temporal precedence/address the
directionality problem
measuring the same variables across multiple distinct points in time
name the 3 different types of claims and discribe them
-associative claim
-causal
-frequency claims
A researcher wants to study how often college students use their phones during a 60-minute lecture. However, students tend to use their phones less when they know someone is watching them. Which method would best help the researcher avoid the observer effect?
A. Have a researcher sit in the classroom and record phone usage.
B. Tell students they are being monitored and ask them to behave normally.
C. Use an unobtrusive observation method that records phone usage without drawing attention to the observation.
D. Ask students to report how often they used their phones after class.
C. Use an unobtrusive observation method that records phone usage without drawing attention to the observation
-wait it out
-blend in
is this sample bias and if so why?
A researcher wants to investigate stress levels among all college students at a university. To collect data, the researcher surveys 100 students who are members of the university's psychology club. The researcher then concludes that the results represent the stress levels of the entire student population.
selection bais, because the researcher only surveyed psychology club members, who may not represent the entire student population.
What does it mean when a research result is statistically significant, and how does effect size affect it?
provides strong evidence that an observed effect or difference is not due to random chance.effect size measures the magnitude or practical strength of a difference or relationship, independent of how many people were studied.
Name the three different longitudinal designs, draw them on the board, and explain.
cross-sectional correlation:a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time.
autocorrelation: the correlation of one variable with itself, measured at two different times.
cross-lag correlation:a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable.
What are the two different types of ethics code in reaserch
IRB: sets of protocall for human studies
IACUC:sets of protocall for animal studies
What type of scale is this?
A researcher wants to study stress among college students. Participants are given a questionnaire asking them to rate statements such as:
Participants answer the questions themselves by selecting responses ranging from “Never” to “Very Often.” The researcher uses the participants’ answers to measure their own perceived experiences and feelings.
Likert
Name all the different sample types and how they sample the groups.
clustor sampling:A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster.
Random sampling:Randomly selected from the sample pool, and everyone got equal.chances
Systematic sampling:A probability sampling technique in which the researcher uses a randomly chosen number N, and counts off every Nth member of a population to achieve a sample.
oversampling:A form of probability sampling; a variation of stratified random sampling in which the researcher intentionally overrepresents one or more groups
Striatifided sampling:A form of probability sampling; a random sampling technique in which the researcher identifies particular demographic categories, or strata, and then randomly selects individuals within each category
whats the difference between a moderating variable and a 3rd variable? Draw it on the whiteboard and explain!
moderating: A variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables.
3rd variable: the existence of a plausible alternative explanation for the association between two variables.
How does regression help us to address the 3rd variable problem?
by controling the 3rd variable
name the IV,#IV and levels in this promp
A study examines whether attractiveness and clothing style affect first impressions. Participants see people who are low/medium/high attractiveness wearing either casual or formal clothing.
IV:clothing
#IV:2
levels:3
Name all the different response sets and what they survey
forced-choice question:A survey question format in which respondents give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options.
Likert scale:survey question format using a rating scale containing multiple response options anchored by the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree
semantic differential format:A survey question format using a response scale whose numbers are anchored with contrasting adjectives.
Open-ended question:A survey question format that allows respondents to answer any way they like.
A university separates its student population by college (Business, Science, Education, etc.). It randomly selects 50 students from each college, even though some colleges have far fewer students than others.
Oversampling: selecting the same number from each college can give smaller samples
Is this statistically significant
A researcher wants to determine whether a new study technique improves exam scores among college students. Historically, students who do not use the technique score an average of 75 points. The researcher collects data from 100 students who use the new technique and finds an average score of 80, with a standard deviation of 10. The statistical analysis produces a p-value of 0.03 and a 95% confidence interval of [78.04, 81.96].
yes, beacuse the p-value is 0.03 and 75 does not fall into the CI
What type of longitudinal research is this prompt?
A researcher wants to examine the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance among college students. They recruit 150 students and ask them to complete a sleep-quality questionnaire and report their current GPA during the same week. The researcher then calculates the correlation between sleep quality and GPA to determine whether the two variables are related.
cross-sectional correlation.
Name all the validity and what they do
internal
external
staistical
construct