Inflammation and Immunity
Explain Type II hypersensitivity reactions (mediator, what is happening, clinical presentation, treatment)
IgM or IgG mediated, immune system identifies healthy cells as harmful, rheumatic fever from strep infection which leads to rheumatic heart disease, valve replacement
Role of potassium and effects of hypokalemia
Action potential in nerves and muscles. Arrhythmias, ECG changes, muscle weakness and cramps, fatigue, confusion, numbness/tingling, polydipsia, constipation, ileus
Insulin patient education
injection technique, cool storage, checking blood sugar, impact of exercise, stress, and illness, recognizing and managing hypoglycemia, and sick day rules.
Complications and patient teachings for Rhabdomyolysis
Acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, and pulmonary edema. Stay hydrated, rest and recover, monitor symptoms such as muscle pain, weakness, dark urine, and s/s dehydration.
Heparin: MOA and indication
inactivates clotting factors. Indicated for PE, stroke, DVT, open heart surgery, renal dialysis, and MI.
Causes and S/S of inflammation
infection, tissues, injury, immune system activation, hypersensitivity reactions, ischemia, and chronic conditions. Redness, heat, swelling, loss of function, and pain.
Effects of hyperkalemia
Arrhythmias, v. fib., kidney damage, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
Medications for Type 2 diabetes along with mechanism of action for each one
Metformin: inhibits glucose production in the liver and increases insulin receptor sensitivity.
Glipizide: stimulates release of insulin from pancreas islets
Clinical presentation and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
tender, warm, swollen joints, stiffness, deformities, reduced ROM, myalgia, fatigue, low-grade fever, weight loss, depression. DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), exercise, analgesics, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, surgery
Warfarin: MOA and indication
Vitamin K antagonist (vitamin K is vital in clotting factor's ability to clot). Indications are PE, DVT, post-surgery clot prevents, atrial fibrillation, stroke prevention, MI, and mechanical heart valves.
Mechanism of inflammation
infection or trauma activates the release of prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamine which increase vascular flow, permeability, and vasodilation.
Sodium effects fluid balance and cognition. Confusion, decreased LOC, nausea and vomiting, cerebral edema, headache, muscle cramps, weakness, hypotension, irritability, seizures, coma.
Short-term effects and long-term effects of glucocorticoids
Short-term: weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, fluid retention, hypertension, hyperglycemia.
Long-term: osteoporosis, cataracts, glaucoma, risk of infection, peptic ulcers, delayed wound healing, adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome
Clinical presentation and treatment of osteoarthritis
joint pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased ROM, crepitus, functional limitations. Exercise, analgesics, NSAIDs, steroids, and creams.
Thrombolytic drug name and nursing implications
Altepase (tPA). Monitor hematocrit, hemoglobin, and abnormal bleeding (black tarry stools, coffee grounds emesis, tea colored urine)
S/S of hypernatremia
Confusion, hypertension, tachycardia, thirst, dry mouth, irritability, restlessness, intracranial hemorrhage, and kidney dysfunction
Causes, clinical presentation, and treatment for Addison's
adrenal insufficiency from damage to adrenal glands. Hypotension, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hair loss. Give hormone (cortisol).
Staging and complications of burns
1st: epidermal damage, erythema, pain
2nd: partial thickness damage, red blistering, shiny, painful
3rd: full thickness damage, nerve damage, painless
Infection, scarring, fluid loss, breathing problems, decreased ROM, emotional, liver damage
Virchow's Triad
hyper-coagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood flow
Causes of edema
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymphatic obstruction, increased sodium retention, and sitting or standing for prolonged period
Causes, clinical presentation, and treatment for Cushing's
Pressure Ulcer staging
1. non-blanchable redness, warm tender
2. partial thickness loss, open ulcer, red//pink wound bed
3. full thickness, subcutaneous may be exposed, wound bed cratered
4. full thickness loss with exposed tendons, muscles, or bone
Unstageable: eschar or slough covering stage 3 or 4 ulcer
Clinical presentation for all anemias
pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness, fatigue