Evolution
Define evolution:
Change in the characteristics of a population over time.
Ice is more or less dense than sea water
Less dense
Seawater is considered a _____ on the pH scale:
At which specific depth does the rate of photosynthesis equal the rate of respiration?
Compensation Depth
Steps of the scientific method
1. Make an observation 2. Ask a question 3. Form Hypothesis 4. Design a study 5. Collect data & evaluate 6. Redefine experiment
4 main drivers of evolution:
Natural selection, mutation, migration, and drift
Thermohaline circulation =
water movement that results from varying surface water density. temperature + salinity = density
Which system "buffers" seawater pH?
carbonate, bicarbonate, carbonic acid
The loss of which organisms is involved in coral bleaching?
Dinoflagellates
A hypothesis must be:
Testable & Falsifiable
Beneficial trait:
feature in an organism that provides an advantage over other individuals of the same species, increases the "fitness" of organisms with that trait (ability to survive and reproduce).
Stratification and why its important:
the layering of water with differing densities, separates the ocean into 2 layers (mixed layer and deep stable layer). Prevents the exchange of gases, nutrients, and organisms between layers.
In relation to the wind, surface currents theoretically flow:
Perpendicular due to Ekman Transport
Excess of which nutrients may trigger a eutrophication event?
Nitrate and Phosphate
What is the p-value?
Probability that the null hypothesis is true, common range of 0-1. p < 0.05 reject the null, no sig difference between variables. p > 0.05 support the null, significant difference between variables.
Natural Selection:
mechanisms by which individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits. DECREASES DIVERSITY.
Why is water cohesive?
Hydrogen bonds
As a result of the coriolis effect, a missile fired northward from the equator will seem to be deflected:
toward the East
4 main phytoplankton groups and their commonalities
Cyanobacteria, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, and Coccolithophores. All are unicellular, photosynthetic, chlorophyll a, microscopic, respirate, drifting organisms.
T-Test vs ANOVA
t test is used when comparing 2 groups, ANOVA is used when comparing any groups greater than 2
Adaptation vs. Acclimatization:
Adaptation: beneficial, heritable, organism becomes "fitted" to its environment (ex: blue fish).
Acclimatization: beneficial, NON-heritable, adjustments made by individuals during solely their lifetime in response to changing enviro conditions (ex: climbing mt everest)
Even in the clearest tropical waters, almost all the red light is absorbed in the upper:
11 m
The process of subduction:
Forms deep sea trenches
Accessory pigments:
expand the range of light energy harnessed in addition to chlorophyll-a
Requirements for Natural selection:
Heritable (passed thru generations) and Obstacle to survival (predation, disease, natural disaster, etc)