Predation
The Lotka and Volterra model predicts that predator-orey interactions result in......
coupled oscillations where the prey peaks and the predator peaks shortly after
What method of larval release has the lowest mortality? Which method has the highest?
Lowest: Direct Release
Highest: Planktotrophic (extended swimming larval phase)
_________ are planktonic for the first part of their lives then benthic for the rest.
Meroplankton
What are the inorganic and organic forms of N2?
What are the most/least abundant forms?
Inorganic Forms: Ammonium (NH4), Nitrite (NO2), and Nitrate (NO3)
Organic Forms: urea, amino acids, peptides
Most abundant: nitrate
Least abundant: organic forms + nitrite
In Lubchenco (1980) that studied algal zonation, the lower limit of Fucus is set by.......
competition from Chondrus
In the lynx and hare example, populations of hares are influenced by.....
food supply and predators
What is preferential larval settlement vs differential survival after settlement?
Preferential: Settlement cue
Ex.) Bacteria in the rock crevices
Differential: No larva cue
Ex.) Eaten on flat surfaces and survive in crevices
Coccolithophores are especially sensitive to ocean acidification due to....
Calcium carbonate plates
A decrease in pH breaks down the calcium carbonate.
What factors contribute to the spring phytoplankton bloom?
1) In winter, extensive vertical mixing limits the phytoplankton growth
2) A lengthening photoperiod (increases the compensation depth)
3) The spring thermocline generated by solar heating stabilizes the water column
4) If the mixing depth is less than the critical depth a bloom may develop
5) Nitrates and phosphates are available to fuel the bloom as a result of vertical mixing during winter
Rice et al. (2014) that studied climate change impact on zooplankton, found that increased temperature causes small copepod proportion to......
small copepods increase
The success of mimicry depends on.....
1) relative abundance of model and mimic
2) discriminatory power of the dupe
3) model and mimic have same behaviors
4) model and mimic existing in same habitat
What factors enable larvae to locate and settle on a favorable substrate?
1) timing of larval release
2) photopositive/photonegative behavior (Positive: larvae remain near the surface and feed on phytoplankton) (Negative: larvae move to bottom for settlement)
3) adaptation to local currents and tides
4) larval selectivity and settlement cues
What phylum are salps apart of?
Phylum Chordata
Behrenfeld's Model (2010) shows that.....
Winter-mixing allows access to nutrients which allows for slow-growth
There are not enough zooplankton to inhibit growth from grazing
Rice et al. (2014) describes the temperature size rule which states that.........
an increase in temperature decreases development time and final adult size
What's the difference between mullerian and batesian mimicry?
Batesian: an unprotected species resembles one with an effective defense
Mullerian: resemble other distasteful prey, but also have their own defenses
What are the benefits of a planktonic larvae? (even though there is a high mortality)
1) Avoidance of crowding
2) In a local catastrophe some offspring will escape and survive
3) Offspring are spread across habitat types
4) Wider geographic range
What are planktonic strategies to maintain buoyancy?
1) Depend on currents and water turbulence
2) Reduce organism density
3) External shape that retards sinking
4) Swim
What are some proposed hypothesis for zooplankton diel vertical migration?
Strong light hypothesis
Predation hypothesis
Energy conservation hypothesis
Phytoplankton recovery hypothesis
In Koehn and Hilibish (1987), what habitats favor the selection of the Lap94 allele?
areas with high salinity (oceanic)
Describe Huffaker's (1958) experiment.
The predator mite: Typhlodromus occidentalis
The prey mite: Eotetranychus sexmaculatus
The universe: Arrays of oranges, separated by petroleum jelly barriers, intermixed with rubber balls
1st attempt: Predator drives prey to
extinction, then starves
2nd attempt: 3-dimensions: sort of coupled oscillations.
What are the two types of strategies for planktonic larvae of estuarine species?
Cost/Benefits of each?
Strategy 1: move upward during flood tides, and downward at ebb tide. (Stay within estuary)
Costs: Estuary is a nursery ground (more predators)
Benefits: Fewer lost out at sea, stay in suitable habitat
Strategy 2: move upward during ebb tide, and downward during flood tide. (larvae move out to coastal waters)
Costs: might not make it back
Benefits: less predation
Describe the paradox of the plankton.
Well mixed environments are still able to maintain a large number (diversity) of phytoplankton despite constant competition for nutrients and light
What forms of nitrogen are commonly increased in the environment through human activity?
Nitrogen based fertilizers and waste products add increased ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3) to the environment
In Koehn and Hilibish (1987) why is the lap94 allele not favored in adult mussels in estuarine habitats?
Too energy costly, lap94 expends nitrogen reserves, excrete more primary amines, greatest net loss of nitrogen nutrients