Marine environments
The process of large habitats being transformed into smaller, isolated patches is called
Habitat fragmentation
Define erosion and accretion
Erosion - process of wearing down or carrying away sands and sediments along coastlines
Accretion - process of returning sediment to coastlines
What is an ornamental species?
Species that are kept for display, decoration, or as pets
What is ghost fishing?
When fishing gear is abandoned or lost in the ocean and continues to harm or kill marine life
What does the 30 x 30 target aim to achieve?
30% ecosystem protection in PAs by 2030
Oxygen and ozone
How does erosion affect coastal areas?
Damage to infrastructure, displacement of people, habitat loss, alteration of coastal ecosystems
Who is the top importing country in the Aquarium trade?
United States
What is bycatch?
The accidental harvesting of non-target species
What is adaptive management?
Management strategies that use iterative approaches and can be adapted as new scientific information becomes available
What are two components of species diversity?
Species richness and species evenness
What are THREE benefits of wetland ecosystems?
Water filtration, coastal protection, nursery habitat for juvenile organisms, carbon sequestration
Why is cyanide fishing problematic?
It exposes whole systems to chemicals and kills high proportions of fish
What is maximum sustainable yield?
What are the two categories of the "conservation focus" that US MPAs aim to protect?
Natural heritage and cultural heritage
What is upwelling? What is downwelling?
Upwelling - when currents move away from eachother and nutrient-rich water from depth comes to surface. Downwelling - when currents converge and oxygen rich water is delivered to depths.
How does climate change negatively influence coastal ecosystems? (3 possible answers)
Intensifying sea level rise and making coastal flooding more likely, promoting more frequent and severe storms that cause more damage, contributing to ocean acidification that can intensify erosion
What appendix of CITES regulations gives the most strict level of protection?
Appendix I
What are THREE sustainable management strategies for fisheries?
Stock assessments, closed seasons, quotas, size limits
What is the major difference between biodiversity offsets and biodiversity credits?
Biodiversity offsets are conducted to compensate for negative actions. Credits are positive actions that are credited and sold to support sustainable actions
What are the FOUR main things that change as depth increases in the pelagic ocean?
temperature, sunlight, pressure, oxygen availability
Give one example of one natural and one manmade coastal protection strategy. Which is preferred?
Natural - marshes, mangroves, etc. Manmade - seawalls, groynes. Natural is always preferred!
What is biopiracy?
The unethical or illegal exploitation of resources and traditional knowledge of resource use. Usually without consent or compensation.
What are the TWO types of fisheries that contributed to Atlantic menhaden population declines?
Reduction fisheries and bait fisheries
What is the primary way that marine reserves benefit fisheries?
Creating spillover effects - where adult fish (or spawn) densities increase in areas where fishing is allowed