Lungs vs. Kidneys?
This organ responds within minutes to acid-base disturbances.
What are lungs?
The formula for calculating the anion gap.
What is Na⁺ – (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)?
This urinary finding is classic in DKA and supports the diagnosis.
What are ketones?
This acid-base disorder is caused by diarrhea, has a normal AG, and low bicarbonate.
What is normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
This is the expected direction of compensation in metabolic acidosis.
What is a decrease in pCO₂ via hyperventilation?
This organ compensates for respiratory acidosis by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting H+
What are kidneys?
This disorder causes a high anion gap metabolic acidosis and positive serum ketones
What is diabetic ketoacidosis
A urine pH > 5.5 in a patient with non-AG metabolic acidosis suggests this condition.
What is distal (Type 1) renal tubular acidosis?
This is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with pH 7.50, HCO₃⁻ 36, pCO₂ 48.
What is metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation?
A patient has pH 7.40, HCO₃⁻ 18, and pCO₂ 30. This is most consistent with this type of disorder.
What is a mixed disorder (metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis)?
In metabolic acidosis, this respiratory pattern is classically observed.
What are kidneys?
A patient has Na⁺ 140, Cl⁻ 104, HCO₃⁻ 12. This is their anion gap.
What is 24?
This urine electrolyte is often low in vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis and can help confirm the cause.
What is chloride?
A young man with fatigue, high AG, calcium oxalate crystals, and history of antifreeze exposure likely has this condition.
What is ethylene glycol poisoning?
Winter’s formula is used to evaluate this.
What is respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis?
This is the final determinant of long-term pH regulation.
What are the kidneys?
This type of metabolic acidosis has a normal anion gap and may result from diarrhea or renal tubular acidosis.
What is hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?
This type of urine crystal is commonly seen in ethylene glycol poisoning.
What are calcium oxalate crystals?
In a patient with pCO₂ 58 and HCO₃⁻ 30, and pH 7.36, this acid-base pattern is present.
What is compensated respiratory acidosis?
A pCO₂ that is lower than Winter’s predicted range suggests this.
What is a coexisting primary respiratory alkalosis?
Acute respiratory acidosis in a patient with pinpoint pupils and shallow breaths.
What is opioid overdose?
This lab value helps identify hidden ingestions like methanol or ethylene glycol when the AG is high.
What is the osmolar gap?
In metabolic alkalosis with high urine chloride, this diuretic effect is often responsible.
What are loop or thiazide diuretics?
A salicylate overdose classically causes this mixed acid-base disorder.
What is respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis?
A patient with metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and low urine Cl⁻ most likely has this specific syndrome.
What is vomiting-induced chloride-responsive alkalosis?