Coral Reefs
(lec 19)
(lec 19)
Biosphere Orgins
(lec 20)
(lec 20)
Life in the Sea
(lec 21)
(lec 21)
Primary Producers
(lec 22)
(lec 22)
Zooplankton
(lec 23)
(lec 23)
100
The single-celled dinoflagellate algae that live in symbiosis with coral
What are zooxanthella?
100
Primary produces that do not require solar energy for life, they instead derive oxygen from a different process known as
Chemosynthesis! often from gasses like methane, sulfur, or hydrogen.
100
Simple organisms lacking a nucleus or internal organelles
What are Eubacteria?
100
The rate at which organisms store energy through formation of organic matter.
What is primary productivity?
100
Animals that spend part of their life cycle as plankton, and the remainder in an alternate life mode (benthic, nekton)
What are meroplankton?
200
Name two environmental factors that contribute to coral bleaching.
Rapid change in ocean temp, runoff and pollution, overexposure to sunlight, extreme low tides.
200
Experiment that mirrored Earth's first atmosphere.
What is the Stanley Miller experiment?
200
Organisms that can only withstand small salinity changes.
What are Stenohaline organisms?
200
What two environmental factors determine primary productivity?
Light and Nutrients.
200
Any zooplankton other than meroplankton and ichthyoplankton, represents phyla such as single-celled protozoa, and large jellyfishes.
What is holoplankton?
300
Flat, table like reeds attached to the shore, many seen along the Hawaiian islands.
What is a fringing reef?
300
Fossilized evidence of earliest marine life, that prove photosynthesis was happening 3.5 billion years ago.
What are stromatolites?
300
When the organisms body is saltier than that surrounding environment.
What is a hypertonic organism?
300
Microscopic algae that has a flagella for movement, can produce soluble toxins, and are the cause of harmful algae blooms.
What are dinoflagellates?
300
Name two examples of crustacean zooplankton.
Copepods, Amphipods, Mysidacea, Euphasiids.
400
Name four environmental factors that impact coral health.
Temperature, depth, salinity, light, sedimentation, and desiccation (being exposed to air).
400
What era did eukaryotes evolve in?
Neoproterozoic (1.0 to 0.5 Ga)
400
Ocean layer created by a decrease in O2 because there is a decrease in photosynthesis.
What is the Oxygen minimum layer?
400
Name at least two methods of measuring primary productivity (there are three possible answers).
Plankton nets, water samples (radiocarbon), satellites (to investigate ocean color).
400
Heteropod known as 'naked pteropods', are 1-2 cm in length, use flaps to swim, and are carnivorous.
What are gymnosomata?
500
What past oceanographic data can coral reef records provide?
Sea-level! Coral reefs require a specific depth, therefore their fossilized presence is associated with sea-level.
500
A near global glaciation event that occurred in the late Neoproterozioc and caused a upheaval in Earths systems.
What is "Snowball Earth"?
500
Draw the four divisions of the marine environment. (Epipelagic, Abyssalpelagic, Bathypelagic, Mesopelagic)
500
An over-enrichment of nutrients within a area that leads to excessive algae growth and creates dead zones.
What is eutrophication?
500
A biological loop where bacteria consumes dissolved organic matter(DOM), and converts it to biomass that is then consumed by small grazers, this process recycles nutrients back into the food chain.
What is the microbial loop?