The Four Fathers
ארבע אבות נזיקין
ארבע אבות נזיקין
The four primary categories of damages listed in the very first Mishna
What are Shor (Ox), Bor (Pit), Maveh (Man/Eating), and Hev'er (Fire)?
The person who must pay for damages if he leaves his jug in the public domain and someone else trips over it and gets hurt.
Who is the owner of the jug?
When an ox gores a pregnant cow and it's uncertain if the goring caused the miscarriage, the owner pays half-damages for the cow and this fraction for the fetus.
What (and when) is a quarter-damage (Revi'a Nezek)?
The penalty of Kefel (double payment) applies to all stolen items, but the penalty of four-and-five times applies only to these two animals.
What are an ox (shor) and a sheep (seh)?
The principle that a robber who fundamentally changes a stolen object (like turning wool into a garment) acquires it and must only repay its original value.
What is Shinui Koneh (a change acquires ownership)?
wolf lion bear leopard hyena (snake) - זאב ארי דב נמר ברדלס (נחש)
what are 5 (6) animals that are aggressive by nature?
The terms for half-damages and full damages.
What are Chatzi Nezek and Nezek Shalem?
An owner who locked his flock in a pen properly is this if robbers broke down the wall and the animals escaped and caused damage
when is owner patur after animal causing damage?
The five payments for injuring a person are Nezek, Tza'ar, Ripui, Shevet, and this fifth one, which is based on the victim's honor.
What is Boshet (shame/embarrassment)?
While heirs must return identifiable stolen land they inherited, they are exempt if they inherited this and have already spent it.
What is the law with stolen money?
The case of a dog that took a lit coal, placed it on a haystack, and burned it down. The owner pays half for the coal and full for the haystack.
What is the case of Eish where the liability is split/different depending on item ?
An ox that is Mu'ad for goring its own species but not other species.
What is a Mu'ad l'Mino?
For a pit owner to be liable for an animal's death (and not just its injuries), the pit must be at least this deep.
What has to be at least is ten tefachim deep?
According to Rabbi Shimon, a thief is exempt from the four-and-five penalty if he slaughters a stolen animal and it turns out to have been this type of animal all along.
What is a Treifah?
The Rabbinic ordinance, which states that a victim of theft must reimburse a good-faith buyer to reclaim his stolen item.
What is known as Takanat HaShuk, (reimbursing the buyer)?
The amount of damage an owner pays for Regel in a private domain versus the public domain.
What is exempt in the public domain but liable for full damages in a private domain?
When an ox owned by a non-Jew gores an ox owned by an Israelite, this is how much the non-Jew must pay, regardless of whether the ox was a Tam or Mu'ad.
What is Nezek Shalem (with no exception?
According to the Sages, an arsonist who burns down a grain stack is not liable for these items that were hidden inside without his knowledge.
What are kelim (utensils/vessels)?
The Aramaic principle of K'am Lei B'draba Minei explains why a person is exempt from monetary payments if his act, like injuring his father with a wound, also makes him liable for this.
What is the death penalty?
A robber can simply return a stolen item "as is" if its value was lost due to an external legal change, such as this item becoming forbidden after Pesach.
What is Chametz she'avar alav haPesach?
Unlike an animal which can be a Tam or Mu'ad, this damager is always considered Mu'ad from the beginning, liable for full damages even when unintentional.
What is an Adam HaMazik (a person who damages)?
A "stadium ox," trained for fighting, is exempt from this penalty if it kills a person.
What is the death penalty?
According to Rabbi Yehuda, a storekeeper is exempt from liability if his lamp, when placed outside, causes a fire for this specific Mitzvah
What is a Chanukah lamp (Ner Chanukah)?
While slapping someone incurs a 200 zuz penalty, doing this—an even greater act of shame—costs 400 zuz.
What is slapping with the back of the hand?
A person who saves his friend's valuable property at the cost of his own less-valuable property is only entitled to receive this, unless he made a prior agreement.
What is a wage for his labor (secharo)?