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100
List any eight news values.
Ans: Eight news values are:
Timeliness
Impact
Proximity
Controversy
Prominence
Currency
Oddity
Emotion
100
What are two categories of news?
Ans: Two categories of news are:
International news
National news
100
Define news
News is a development that has happened in the past 24 hours which was not known outside and which is of wide interest to the people and that which generates curiosity among listeners.
100
What are the four qualities of a good news report?
200
Explain hard news and soft news.
Ans: Hard news: These are news items that require immediate publication. These cannot wait. Some can be breaking news
Soft news : These are light stories. They are not urgent news stories. These can be about a person, an event or about a developing situation.
200
Write one example of positive news and one of negative news that you have recently read in newspapers.
An example of positive news and negative news are:
Positive news: Students of a school visiting a nearby village and offering them voluntary service in road building.
Negative news: Two people died in a communal clash in a small town.
200
What is breaking news? Give an example.
Breaking News:
Breaking news means a report of any sudden news development which was not known so far.
It is of utmost importance to a large section of society.
200
Briefly discuss any two unhealthy trends in newspaper industry.
Two unhealthy trends in the newspaper industry are:
Predatory price wars:
In predatory price wars, one newspaper reduces the price increasing its circulation. But immediately, rival newspapers further cut the price.
The readers benefit by reduced prices, but small and medium newspapers suffer because they cannot afford to have price cuts to increase circulation.
2. Cut - throat competition:
Cut throat competition is also a threat to journalistic norms and values.
There are instances of fake sting operations, criminal trespassing of privacy, glamourization of criminals, promotion of hatred among communities and inflaming of raw emotions.
300
Describe the functions of Mass Comm
The three major functions of mass communication are to Inform, Educate and Entertain.
Inform - The example of a news bulletin on radio or television or a news item in a newspaper. They inform us of some event or happening.... “A new President is elected”, “India has beaten Pakistan in cricket”. All these inform us.
Educate - A doctor speaks on radio or television or writes in a newspaper about how to prevent a disease. Experts tell farmers on radio or television about a new crop, seed or agricultural practice. Thereby, the farmers are educated.
Entertain - All the commercial cinema, television serials and music programmes are entertaining.
300
Describe the origin of mass communication.
Origin of Mass Communication:
The invention of paper and printing, and later newspapers, were the first steps towards mass communication.
It was through the telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, that messages could be sent to long distances using a code.
Alexander Graham Bell succeeded in inventing the first telephone.
In 1947, the invention of the transistor made radio the most popular medium for sending voice messages.
The Television was invented by Baird in 1920.
300
List out the development campaigns that you come across in the newspaper
Development Campaigns that I come across during that period are:
Make in India - Movement to encourage companies to manufacture their products in India
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan - Nation-wide campaign to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management in urban and rural areas in India.
Digital India - Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure the Government's services are made available to citizens electronically.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao - It is a campaign of the Government of India that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls in India.
300
What are the sources of news stories?
Ans: Sources of news stories are:
Listening:
A reporter can get good stories by listening to others.
Example: While traveling in a bus, a reporter overhears a conversation between two passengers about a bus accident in town. By listening to this, the reporter gets a clue to a story. He now has to find out more details of the accident.
Covering events:
Reporters cover events for their publications, channels or news bulletins.
Example : “India-Pakistan cricket Test in Mumbai”, “ Kumbhmela in Haridwar”, “ International Film Festival in Goa “,
The coverage depends upon the importance and magnitude of the event.
Press conferences:
Another major source of news is the press conference.
Example: Leaders of political parties, ministers hold press conferences to announce various programmes and policies of the government. Business houses arrange press conferences to launch their new products.
Police sources:
The police are in charge of law and order. So the police always maintain a close vigil about various activities of citizens. Reporters get details about crime, accidents etc. from police sources.
Interviews:
Interviewing people connected with an event or incident is a common practice reporters use to get details.
400
Explain the term‘ development communication’ using examples.
The term ‘Development communication’ refers to communication that can be used for development. It is about using communication to change or improve something.
Here we use different types of messages to change the socio-economic condition of people.
Examples -
Broadcasting programmes like ‘Krishi Darshan’ on TV to educate farmers.
400
Discuss the use of different forms of mass media in development Communication.
Ans: Over the years different forms of mass media in Communication have been used for development.
Radio - Since the 1940s, development communication in India can be traced to rural radio broadcasts in different languages. The programmes may be about farming and related subjects by experts and officials about weather, market rates, availability of improved seeds etc.
Television - Since the 1950s, the government started huge developmental programmes throughout the country through Doordarshan. The ‘Krishi Darshan’ programme on Doordarshan, concentrated on programmes on agriculture.
SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) - In 1975, India used satellites for telecasting television programmes on education and development which were made available to 2400 villages .
Print media - After Independence when the Five Year Plans were initiated by the government for planned development, it was the newspapers which gave great importance to development themes.
Traditional media - Traditional Media include street theatre, play/skits and puppetry The content for the skits is drawn from the audience’s life. For example, they are told about “balanced nutrition”.
Comics - Comics are made by people on their own issues in their own language. Information on sensitive health issues such as HIV/AIDS has been communicated through the medium of comics in several states.
400
Discuss any four reasons for the newspaper boom in India.
The four reasons for newspaper boom in India are:
Rise in literacy rate: There is a steady rise in the literacy rates in all the states of our country. More and more people are being initiated into the world of reading and writing. They gradually learn to read newspapers and periodicals.
Expansion of the middle class: This leads to an increase in the circulation of newspapers. When a household makes economic and educational progress, they consider it as a status symbol to subscribe to a newspaper.
Untapped market: India still has an estimated 350 million people who can read and write but do not buy any newspaper.
Education of women: In India women are getting more educated and this in turn leads to education of children. Awareness also increases along with this. It contributes a lot to the growth of readership.
400
Explain any four news values.
Ans: Four news values are:
Timeliness:
News is something new. So timeliness is a great factor in deciding news.
An incident that happened one month back will not make news for today’s newspaper.
For a newspaper, events that had happened on the previous day's news. But for a weekly, events of the previous one week can make news.
Impact:
Impact of an event decides its newsworthiness.
Example, When the tsunami waves struck several parts of the world, thousands of people were affected. It became major news for the whole world.
Proximity:
Proximity decides the news.
Example, “Bird flu spreading and hundreds of chickens dying in England”. Does it make news for you? You may read it but do not worry about it.
Controversy:
People like controversies. Anything connected with conflicts, arguments, charges and counter-charges, fights and tension becomes news.
Example, The controversy about the Indian and Australian cricket teams.
500
What are media ethics? List out the ethical codes to be practiced by media persons.
Media also needs to have guidelines on what is right or wrong. These are called media ethics. The ethical codes to be practiced by media persons are:
Accuracy: The information provided by media persons in the print media, radio, television and internet has to be accurate.
Confidentiality: A media person maintains confidentiality of information revealed by various sources.
Protection of sources: A source which has provided confidential information should never be revealed.
Right to privacy: A journalist should respect the right of a person to have privacy. That would mean that a journalist should not write about the private life of ordinary citizens.
No incitement to violence: Mass media should not motivate or provoke people to indulge in violence or crime.
No vulgarity or obscenity: Mass Media should not write, display or broadcast anything that is vulgar or obscene.
No Communal writing: Media should avoid writing or broadcasting issues which can promote communal problems.
500
Discuss the various positive and negative effects of media on people.
The various positive positive effects of the media on public are:
Media provides news and information to the people.
Media can educate the public.
Media helps a democracy function effectively. They inform the public about government policies and programmes and how these programmes can be useful to them.
Media can entertain people.
Media has brought people of the world closer to each other.
The various negative effects of the media on the public are:
The traditional culture of a country is adversely affected by mass media.
Entertainment has become the main component of mass media. This affects the primary objectives of the media to inform and educate the people.
Media could promote violence.
Mass media promote the desire in people to buy and own products that are advertised through the media but which may not be essential for them.
