Socialization
The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. Although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue, to some degree, throughout life.
What is Socialization?
The variable that mediates the relationship between the IV and DV; effect of the key IV that causes the DV.
What is the Intervening Variable or Mediating Variable?
This is produced by the disjuncture between society’s dream of equality and success for all and the actual inequality in the distribution of opportunities to realize that dream.
What is Anomic-Induced Strain?
Capitalism
Major Schools of Thought in Criminology
Classical—Baccaria: people are motivated to engage in crime and make a rational choice to do so through their pursuit of self-interests and the threat of punishment is what may deter them. Freely choose to engage in crime.
Positivist—Lombroso: individuals differ greatly in motivation for crime, with such differences being determined by force, largely beyond their control, including biological factors and the social environment. Have no choice in their actions.
For Cooley, there was a dynamic relationship between the self and society. He argues that the self develops in group context and that the true seat of self-development is important for these reasons:
What are the,
1. they are the building blocks for more complex social relationships
2. they are the mechanisms through which the self evolves and,
3. they are the linkage points between the larger social order and its human elements, individuals?
We have defined Sociology as,
What is the scientific and systematic study of the patterns between human interaction and social phenomena?
or
What is controlled observation and interpretation of the differing patters in human relationships, their sources, their consequences, and their characteristics?
This theorist argues that Individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Unless they are deterred by the threat of swift, certain, and appropriately severe punishment, they may commit crimes (harm others), in their pursuit of self-interest.
Who is Cesare Baccaria?
Crime is socially created as agents of the law formulate and administered laws based on what they define as criminal.
Social Reality of Crime
Who is the father of modern criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
A manifestation of both natural needs and impulses; it is a process of thinking, as well as acting, and because it represents the unpredictable and spontaneous, its presence means that human beings will never be the completely passive agents, the mere reflections of the larger social order,
What is the "I"?
causation appears but the phenomena is actually explained through the mediating variable
What is a Spurious Correlation?
The Father of Modern Criminology argues that many criminals are ‘genetic throwbacks,’ or primitive people in the midst of modern society. Their primitive, savage state is what leads them to engage in crime. The characteristics of these 'genetic throwbacks' include:
What are large jaw and cheekbones, swollen or protruding lips, and arm span greater than the individuals’ height?
argues individuals are pressured into crime when they are prevented from achieving cultural goals like monetary success or middle-class status through legitimate channels
Classical Strain Theory
Who was Francis Galton?
Founder of the Eugenics Movements
the groups common meanings, definitions, expectations, values, and understandings. Depending on the situation, this may compromise a specific other or the generalized other. It represents the incorporated other(s) within the individual
What is the "me"?
The differences between these two are largely based upon the manipulation of the independent variable?
What is experimental versus non experimental research?
American Society shows the “means--ends” disjuncture in two ways:
What is
Explain the Typology of Crime
based on the two opposing classes in the capitalist structure (i.e. the working class [proletariat] and the ruling class [bourgeois]).
He posits that crimes of the proletariat are:
“crimes of accommodation” or “crimes of resistance”
and crimes of the bourgeois are:
“crimes of domination and repression,”
“crimes of control,” and/or “crimes of government”
What is the Enlightenment Era?
refers to the intellectual movement that developed within the hundred-ear span beginning with the English Revolution and culminating the French Revolution”
Here there are no conflicts; contradictions and antithesis exist side by side and often equalize matters between themselves by compromise formations... Everything which goes on here is unconscious and remains so. Consequently, the core of our being, then, is formed by this obscure thing, which has no direct relations with the external world and is accessible even to our own knowledge only through the medium of another agency of the mind... It is cut off from the external world, has it own world perception.
What is the "Id"?
The major steps in procedure for acquiring knowledge through controlled observation and experimentation are:
What is
1. Select a Research Problem
2. Develop Hypothesis and Theory | alt. Review Literature
3. Construct Model (analytical model)
4. Construct Research Design
5. Select Study Participants
6. Collect Data
7. Analyze Data
8. Interpret Findings
9. Draw Conclusion
10. Apply Findings?
These Modes of Adaptation correspond to the way in which individuals respond to the means-ends disjuncture.
What is Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion?
is a definition of behavior that is conferred on some persons by others. Agents of the law (legislators, police, prosecutors, and judges), representing segments of a politically organized society, are responsible for formulating and administering criminal laws. Person and behaviors, therefore, become criminal because of the formulation and application of criminal definitions.
Crime
Where did Dr. Jackson receive each of his degrees from? Degree & University.
Sociology B.S. - Virginia State University
Sociology M.A. - Howard University
Sociology Ph.D. - Howard University