Research Questions
These researchers were interested in testing the limits of short-term memory on participant "S.F.".
Who are Ericsson, Chase, and Falloon (1981)?
A procedure which involved counting backwards by threes in Peterson and Peterson (1959) was designed to prevent this.
What is the rehearsal of the studied items?
This was the max span of S.F.
What is approximately 80?
Ericsson, Chase, and Falloon (1981) tested the hypothesis that S.F. was using track times by doing this.
What is: they gave him numbers that would be difficult to fit into track times and observed his decreased span performance?
These mechanisms were thought to underly SFs performance in Ericsson, Chase, & Falloon (1981).
What are mnemonics and hierarchical retrieval structures?
These researchers evaluated whether pre-tests benefited memory above and beyond the effects of re-studying.
Who are Roediger and Karpicke (2006)?
In this task, people read and studied a word before being asked to verify whether a math expression is correct or not.
What is operation span (OSPAN)?
In Godden and Baddeley (1975), recall was found to be better in these conditions compared to WW and DD controls.
What are DW and WD?
This statistical procedure allowed Conway, Kane, and Engle (2003) to show that complex span--but not simple span--is correlated with intelligence.
What is latent analysis?
These two mechanism are thought to underlie complex span.
What are storage and retrieval?
This type of memory was discovered by Brooks (1968).
What is working memory?
This was the question used in the "deep" level of processing task conducted by Craik and Tulving (1975).
What is "Would the word fit into this sentence?" ?
When Roediger and Karpicke (2006) compared recall a week later in the SSST group to the SSSS group, they found this.
What is: recall was better in the SSST group than the SSSS group?
The CVVC condition in Experiment 5 of Craik and Tulving (1975) was designed to tease apart the contributions of levels of processing from this.
What is: it takes longer to answer the deep (semantic) questions?
Rogers, Kuiper, and Kirker (1977) relied on which complex mechanism in the world of personality psychology to explain their self-reference effect.
What is superordinate schema (of self)?
Peterson and Peterson (1959) were interested in how people maintain consonant syllables in this type of memory.
What is short-term memory?
In Experiment 10 of Craik and Tulving (1975), researchers discovered that this incentive did not affect intentional learning of levels of processed items?
What is money?
Recognition memory for the "yes" responses in Craik and Tulving (1975) tended to be this, compared to the "no" responses.
What is greater?
Brooks (1968) hypothesized that auditory feedback might be inhibiting response times in the sentence condition. He did this to test this hypothesis.
What is: have participants mouth their yes no responses without saying anything out loud?
In Brook's (1968), this explains why people were slow to point to yes or no when holding a diagram in memory.
What is: verbal and spatial information were thought to be in separate short-term stores (aka working memory model)?
In a famous study looking at the role of context on retrieval from long-term memory, researchers had participants learn and test in what locations?
Where is on land and underwater?
Brooks's (1968) study used what unique procedure involving sentences.
What is: hold a sentence in memory and attempt to say or point to yeses an nos for each noun and non-noun, respectively?
In Godden and Baddeley (1975) the modified DD condition produced this level of recall, relative to the traditional DD condition.
What is the same level of recall (no difference)?
Rogers, Kuiper, and Kirker (1977) did this to rule out the possibility that the self-reference effect is just an effect of meaningfulness.
What is: they had participants do a semantic judgment task that asked them to rate if the word is meaningful to them?
What are three mechanisms Karpicke (2006) proposed to explain the testing effect?
What are transfer appropriate processing, elaboration, desirable difficulties? (also, multiple retrieval routes)