Psych/Soci
Researchers asked 100 Americans to describe their recollections of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks at two time points: 2 days and 10 years after the attacks. Comparing the descriptions for each individual, researchers are LEAST likely to find that:
A. individuals are extremely confident in their memories, even 10 years after the attacks.
B. individuals' recollections are extremely accurate 10 years after the attacks.
C. individuals vividly recall seemingly insignificant details from the day of the attacks.
D. individuals vividly recall their emotional reactions to the events of that day.
B. individuals' recollections are extremely accurate 10 years after the attacks.
(Flashbulb Memory)
Which of the following is NOT derived from the neural crest?
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Schwann cells
C. Melanocyte cells
D. Erythrocyte cells
D. Erythrocyte cells - derived from the mesoderm.
(Neural crest is derived from the ectoderm)
Maternal lineage can be traced by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA because the mitochondrial genome is derived primarily from the mother. The best explanation for this phenomenon is that:
A. sperm have no mitochondria and thus cannot contribute to the mitochondrial genome of the offspring.
B. the zygote divides rapidly, diffusing the paternal mitochondria amongst many cells.
C. following penetration, the sperm derived mitochondria disintegrate within the egg.
D. all the genes coding for mitochondria are located on the X chromosome.
C. following penetration, the sperm derived mitochondria disintegrate within the egg.
During fertilization, the sperm mitochondria disintegrate, which explains why the mitochondrial genome is donated by the mother, and not the father.
According to Charle's law, what happens to the volume of an ideal gas when the absolute temperature is doubled which the pressure and moles remain constant?
A. The volume remains constant
B. The volume quadruples
C. The volume is halved
D. The volume is doubled
D. Volume is doubled.
(PV =nRT)
(If 2 variables are on the same side of the equation, they will be inversely proportional. If there are on the opposite sides, they are directly proportional so if T increases, V will also increase)
Researchers conduct an experiment using dogs. Each dog is placed in a cage with a short middle partition. A light turns on five seconds before the dog receives a painful electric shock through the floor, which stops when the dog jumps over the partition. If researchers count the number of trials each dog needs until it jumps over the partition before the shock is administered, they are most likely studying:
A. escape learning.
B. avoidance learning.
C. habituation.
D. sensitization.
B. avoidance learning - behavior to prevent aversive stimulus from occurring.
A patient is found to have a narrowing of the aortic valve opening due to calcification. Which of the following results from this pathology?
A. Pulmonary vein hypotension
B. Increased stroke volume
C. Atrial wall thinning
D. Elevated left ventricular pressure
D. Elevated left ventricular pressure
Likely will cause blood to pool in the left ventricle, causing elevated BP.
When a striated muscle cell metabolizes glucose in the complete absence of O2, which of the following substances in NOT produced in excess?
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Glucose-6-phosphate
C. Lactic acid
D. Acetyl-CoA
D. Acetyl-CoA
(glycolysis = anaerobic)
What is the oxidation state of carbon in H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-, respectively?
A. -4, -5, -6
B. +4, +3, +2
C. +4, +4, +4
D. 0, -1, -2
C. +4, +4, +4
(oxidation state of H=+1 and oxidation state of O=-2)
In an experiment, researchers find that certain neurons in the visual cortex preferentially fire in response to a bar of light that is oriented at a specific angle, and that different neurons similarly respond to bars of light oriented at different angles. This finding provides the strongest evidence for:
A. feature detection.
B. parallel processing.
C. spreading activation.
D. sensory adaptation.
A. feature detection.
Explanation: Feature Detection is the perceptual discrimination of specific aspects of a given stimulus via feature detectors. Feature detectors are specific neurons that preferentially fire in response to very specific stimuli.
A male child with healthy parents is diagnosed with disease X.
Which of the following could be disease X?
I. Huntington's disease, an autosomal dominant disease
I. Farber disease, an autosomal recessive disease
Ill. Retinitis pigmentosa, an X-linked dominant disease
IV. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an X-linked recessive disease
II and IV
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme and main control point of glycolysis. Which molecule upregulates glycolysis by activating PFK-1?
A. ATP
B. Glucagon
C. AMP
D. Citrate
C. AMP
(Glucagon upregulates gluconeogenesis so inhibits glycolysis)
An 80 kg human body uses about 14 MJ of energy per day. What is the average power of the human body?
A. 162 W
B. 591 W
C. 9.72 kW
D. 583 kW
A. 162 W
P = (change in E)/t
P is in J/seconds
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the psychoanalytic concept of sublimination?
A. When a medical student receives a failing grade in his medical ethics class, he says that the instructor was "unprepared" and "incompetent."
B. When a medical student is expelled, she spends her days watching cartoons and becomes attached to a childhood teddy bear.
C. When a medical student finds out that he has failed his licensing exam, he becomes angry and throws his laptop on the ground.
D. When a medical student struggles with a difficult rotation, she starts taking martial arts classes to channel her frustration.
D. When a medical student struggles with a difficult rotation, she starts taking martial arts classes to channel her frustration.
Sublimination - Transforming unacceptable thoughts/behaviors to acceptable thoughts/behaviors
Vasoconstriction is promoted by the sympathetic nervous system in which of the following areas?
I. Large intestine
II. Skeletal muscles
III. Stomach
IV. Lungs
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
B. I and III only
(sympathetic = fight or flight response so digestions is down-regulated)
Transcription factors contain a DNA-binding domain in order to regulate genetic expression. Which of the following proteins would most likely be found within the DNA-binding domain?
A. ARGKRKG
B. DEAGDEE
C. WFGFAVW
D. QNDAEGQ
A. ARGKRKG (+4 charge)
(DNA is negative so will bind to positively charged residues. Lysine and Arginine are basic, positive charged at physiological pH)
What is the magnification of the resulting image when an object is twice as far from a convex lens as the focal length?
A. 0.5x
B. 1X
C. 2x
D. 4X
B. 1X
A study examines how observers evaluate individuals placed in constrained social roles. Participants watch a video of a student delivering a persuasive speech supporting a controversial policy. Even after being told that the student was randomly assigned the position, participants conclude that the student genuinely supports the policy.
Which cognitive bias BEST explains the participants’ judgments?
A. Actor–observer bias
B. Self-serving bias
C. Correspondence bias
D. Fundamental attribution error
C. Correspondence bias
Inferring attitudes or personality traits from behavior despite situational constraints.
Hemoglobin can bind a total of four oxygen molecules. Which of these molecules binds with most ease?
A) first oxygen
B) second oxygen
C) third oxygen
D) fourth oxygen
D) fourth oxygen
(positive cooperativity)
Red blood cells were given 14C-labeled glucose under experimental conditions with enough sources of oxygen and nutrients. Which of the following molecules would be labeled after a short period?
A. Ethanol
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Lactate
D. Carbon Dioxide
C. Lactate
(RBCs primarily uses glycolysis and utilizes the anaerobic pathway because they do not have organelles such as mitochondria. Answer A is wrong because ethanol fermentation occurs only in yeast)
A child complaining of hearing loss is found to have a auditory threshold in the left ear of 40 dB, whereas the threshold in the right ear was measured at 10 dB. By what factor was the minimum sound intensity heard in the left ear greater than the minimum sound intensity heard in the right ear?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 30
D. 1000
D. 1000