Cell Metabolism
Replication and Transcription
Translation and Repair
Thermodynamics
Random
100
Three common routes where glucose is broken down to pyruvate.
What is Embden-Meyerhof, Pentosphosphate Pathway and Entner-Doudoroff pathway?
100
E. coli uses this mismatch repair system to distinguish old DNA strands from new DNA strands. Bonus: This is used to catalyze the repair system above.
What is methylation? Bonus: What is methyltransferase?
100
Start and Stop codons. Bonus: Start codon codes for this amino acid in prokaryotes.
What is AUG, UAA, UAG, UGA? Bonus: What is N-formylmethionine?
100
Free energy change is defined at standard state condition at this (four things).
What is 25C, 1 atm, 1M and pH 7? Note STP is 1 atm and 0C.
100
The most primitive group of organisms.
What are chemolithoautotrophs?
200
The electron transport chain creates the proton motor force which drives this.
What is ATP synthase?
200
The subunits of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
What is 70s (30s +50s) and 80s (40s and 60s)?
200
The main characteristics of the genetic code.
What is degenerate, universal, has remained unchanged, and wobble hypothesis?
200
Enzymes lower activation energy by increasing concentrations of substrate at this site of the enzyme.
What is the active site?
200
An organism that uses light to make energy, carbon from CO2 and electrons from an inorganic source? (ex. Cyanobacteria)
What is a photolithoautotroph?
300
How ATP is formed in microbial fermentation.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
300
A term in transcription that describes a cluster of genes.
What is an operon?
300
The direction of translation.
What is N-terminal to C-terminal?
300
The three types of work.
What is chemical, transport and mechanical?
300
During this process ammonia is oxidized to nitrate.
What is nitrification?
400
The greater the difference between the standard reduction potential of the donor and the acceptor, the more ______ the standard free energy.
What is negative?
400
Three main components of the replisome.
What is a helices, topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase III?
400
The three phases of the elongation cycle.
What is aminoacyl-tRNA binding, transpeptidation and translocation?
400
The amount of randomness in a system.
What is entropy?
400
Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by these kinds of mutagens.
What are chemical and physical mutagens? 5-bromouracil, 2-aminopurine, ethyl methansulfanate, hydroxylamine, nitrogen mustard, nitrous oxide, proflavin, acridine orange. UV light and X-rays.
500
For each acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized, the TCA cycle generates this.
What is 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP (ATP)?
500
In most bacterial RNA polymerases, the _______ has no catalytic activity, but helps the core enzyme recognize the start of genes in order to catalyze RNA synthesis.
What is sigma factor?
500
The three roles of molecular chaperones.
What is protection from thermal damage, aiding the folding of nascent (new) polypeptides and aiding in transportation of proteins across the membrane?
500
A reaction that gives off energy.
What are exergonic reactions?
500
In this type of protein secretion pathway, plasmids are transferred (which can have virulence and antibiotic resistant genes) from one bacterium to another, typically via conjugation.
What is Type IV secretion? (in G- bacteria only!)
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