Communication
In communication, the means by which messages are carried is
Medium
The erosion of traditional distinctions among media :-)
Convergence
The concept of ___________, asserts that certain forms of expression can be allowed in our system AS LONG AS the limits imposed to do not interfere with the substance of the expression
abridgment (curtailing of rights)
The Schneck v. United States Case, upheld that there is no legal absolute freedom of expression; the level of protection is one of degree. The main exception to free speech is in the presence of _________
Clear and Present Danger
The idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change
Technological determinism
The three main distinguishing factors between interpersonal communication messages and mass communication messages are...
1. Identical Message Formation
2. Audience size
3. Delayed and inferential feedback
The ownership of the vast majority of the media in the U.S. by only few companies like Att/Time Warner, The Walt Disney Company, and NBC/Universal is known as
Concentration of ownership
The courts aim to have an open interpretation of what free speech could entail, thus they consider many factors whenever presented with a case to determine when freedom of the press is granted, this is an example of an
Ad hoc balancing of interests (Case by case basis)
Unprotected expression that is determined by
1.Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest
2.Whether the work depicts or describes, in a blatantly offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law
3.Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
Obscenity
Only choosing and selecting Media that aligns with our own values, and rejecting media that does not
Confirmation Bias
Anything that interferes with successful communication, including biases is known as
Noise
Audiences for specific media content becoming smaller and more defined is known as
Audience fragmentation
While usually never standing the test of court, what is one case in which prior restraint, The power of the government to halt the publication or broadcasting of an expression, is indeed permissible when ...
the country is in times of war
The identifying and granting of ownership of a piece of expression, to protect the monetary interests of the creator, with a timeline of 50 year, un until renewal, or 70 years after the owners death
Copyright
The idea that people see media coverage on important topics of interest as less sympathetic to their view , more sympathetic to the opposing view, and generally hostile to their point of view in general, regardless of the quality of coverage
Hostile Media Effect
Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed
This is the cultural definition of Communication
It asserts that:
■ Communication and reality are linked
■ Communication informs our world perception
■ And that communication is the foundation of our culture
When a media company has content that it can use across a number of its different holdings, Like Warner Brothers hacing so manny selling points for the Harry Potter Franhise (Books, Video Games, and a Theme Park etc,) this is known as
synergy
In an efforts to protect the freedoms of broadcasters and the interests, the FCC operates as disciplinarians, not investigators, only persecuting when a complaint is brought to their attention, instead of constantly policing the media, is described as
The traffic cop analogy of regulation
laws that protect reporters keeping the identity of people anonymous
Shield Laws
The common assumption that others are influenced by media messages but you are not is
Third-Person Effect
The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and utilize mass communication
Media Literacy
Supporters point to ______, the fact that as the profits are all organized in one area, it makes the media more affordable and thus companies will be able to make better content by investing more in it, in their defense of media concentration
economies-of-scale
This practice, while no longer mandatory, is still ver common in broadcast today where cable networks will determine the nature of their audiences' interest, before broadcasting a piece of media
Ascertainment
Reporters accepting military control over their reporting, in exchange for being able to be on the frontlines where the action is
embedding
Libel and Slander, two forms of malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation (one written one spoken) have 3 exceptions they are
1. Whether the person they are discussing is in a particular position of privilege (the president, the owner of a large company, or any other person who might be able to greatly impact the lives of others)
2. Fair Comment, in other words it is within the public's interest.
3. It is true information they are presenting