Ayer & Popper
A meaningful statement must either be empirically verifiable, or be a tautology, that is, analytic or true by definition.
What is the verification principle?
Wittgenstein begins his Philosophical Investigations with a quote from _______________ to show how long the old theory of language has been around.
Who is Augustine?
This is the first of Peirce's "incapacities."
What is "we cannot begin with complete doubt"?
G.E. Moore embraces this kind of philosophy.
What is common sense?
On Certainty begins with the following statement: “If you do know that here is one hand, we’ll grant you all the rest.” This is a reference to this person.
Who is Moore?
A proposition's truth can only be conclusively established in experience. That is to say, it is one which could be conclusively established by sense-experience.
What is verifiability in the strong sense?
Wittgenstein uses this term in connection with the activity of using language within the context of a purposive activity.
What is a "language-game"?
When Peirce says “philosophy ought to imitate the successful sciences in its methods,” this lines up with this structures of knowledge.
What is coherentism?
"Two hands exist." This is the conclusion Moore reaches based on these two premises.
What is "Here is one hand, and here is another"?
On Certainty marks a profound shift in Wittgenstein’s thought: a move away from propositionalized certainty toward non-propositionalized this.
What is action?
If it is possible for experience to render a proposition's truth probable.
What is verifying a proposition in the weak sense?
This term applies to groups of individuals who are bound together in a community by a shared set of complex, language-involving practices.
What is "form of life"?
In Peirce’s “The Fixation of Belief,” among the ways of establishing a belief, this one takes a club-over-the-head approach.
What is the "method of authority"?
Moore's argument in "Proof of an External World" is valid but not this.
What is sound?
Wittgenstein says, "If you are not certain of any fact, you cannot be certain of the meaning of your words either." This is directed at this philosopher.
Who is Descartes?
Popper was interested in distinguishing or demarcating science and this.
What is "pseudo-science"?
With no way to measure (no barometer, no yardstick for us to determine) whether or not what is occurring in the mind is the same thing that is occurring in the external world, a private language is inconsistent. Wittgenstein says what we need is a ______________________.
What is a "criterion of correctness"?
In “The Fixation of Belief” Peirce says the scientific method has one obvious, over-riding practical consequence it's this.
What is "it works"?
At a given time, more than one person can see, touch, hear, etc. Moore calls it this.
What is “meeting something in space”?
Wittgenstein makes a distinction between a mistake and this.
What is a "mental disturbance"?
“Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions.” This is one of several conclusions Popper drew establishing this.
What is his "Falsifiability Criterion"?
There are 3 problems surrounding the idea of a private language. (1) language would have to be self-taught (2) language would be private. And the third is this.
(3) How would you know your words had a fixed meaning if you were the only one to measure them?
In “What Pragmatism Means,” James begins his lecture with an anecdote about a squirrel on a tree and a man who tries to witness it. "Does the man go round the squirrel or not?" This question is meant to convey this.
What is, what James means by the pragmatic method?
In “Proof,” Moore makes a division between what is internal to the mind and what is external to the mind. This is Cartesian. This is problematic for Moore, because of this.
What is Moore had, for years, rejected the Cartesian split?
These kinds of propositions, like common sense propositions, are some of the most basic statements that one could make.
What are "hinge-propositions"?