immunology
Provide a specific example of the 1st line of defense.
Possible answers: skin, mucociliary escalator, stomach acid, saliva, urine, microbial antagonism by members of normal microbiota
Who discovered penicillin
Aleksand Flamingo
The is the staining process for separating bacteria using crystal violet dye, iodine solution, alcohol solution, and safranin dye.
Gram's Stain
These make up a large group of one-celled microorganisms; they can be good and bad.
bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes is bacitracin S or R?
sensitive
This immunoglobulin circulates as a pentamer.
IgM
Used a primitive microscope to observe stagnant water and scrapings from the teeth
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What are the 5 major groups of microorganisms
1. Protozoa
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
4. Algae
5. Fungi
aMatch the antimicrobial with its target:
A. beta lactams B. fluoroquinolone C. tetracycline D. aminoglycoside E. lysozyme
1. _____ inhibits DNA gyrase
2. _____prevent attachment of tRNA
3. _____hydrolyzes bonds between NAG-NAM
4. _____inhibits peptide crosslinks between NAMs
5. _____ mRNA is read incorrectly
1. B 2. C 3. E 4. A 5. D
most widely used culture medium to grow Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen Medium
Classification of Enterobacteriaceae
Domain:Bacteria
Phylum:Proteobacteria
Class:Gammaproteobacteria
Order:Enterobacterales
Family:Enterobacteriaceae
Pathogens in milk are destroyed through this, named after the Father of Microbiology.
Louis Pasteur
Select the FALSE statement:
A) dry heat is a more effective antimicrobial agent than moist heat.
B) Some Alcohols, halogens, and heavy metals can be used as antiseptics.
C) refrigeration/freezing are not reliable bactericidal methods.
D) ionizing radiation can be used as a sterilant.
A
Which media for Salmonella typhi?
MacConkey media
This gram negative diplococcus ferments glucose and maltose and grows on Thayer-Martin
N. meningitidis?
E. coli is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, nonsporulating coliform bacterium.Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm3.Antibiotics can effectively treat E. coli infections outside the digestive tract and most intestinal infections but are not used to treat intestinal infections by one strain of these bacteria.The flagella which allow the bacteria to swim have a peritrichous arrangement. It also attaches and effaces to the microvilli of the intestines via an adhesion molecule known as intimin.
Developed a two-part dish, petri plates (still used in microbiology laboratories today), used for growing bacteria and a technique used for isolating pure colonies of bacteria
Robert Koch, Julius petri
Toxins of E.coli
Toxins
E. coli produces two kinds of exotoxins: hemolysins and enterotoxins.
Hemolysins
Hemolysins do not appear to be relevant in pathogenesis
though they are produced more commonly by virulent
strains than by avirulent strains. CNF1 (cytotoxic
necrotising factor-1) and siderophores are virulence
factors in uropathogenic E. coli and are important
components of biofilm production and adhesion.
Enterotoxins
Enterotoxins are important in the pathogenesis of
diarrhea. Three distinct types of E. coli enterotoxins have
been identified: heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin
(ST) and verotoxin (VT), also known as Shiga-like toxin
(SLT).
Causative agent of Typhoid fever?
Salmonella Typhi
Salmonellae are gram-negative rods, about 1-3 × 0.5 um
in size. They are motile with peritrichate flagella
Antigenic structure of E.Coli
Serotyping or antigenic typing of E. coli is based on three
antigens: somatic antigen O, flagellar antigen H and
capsular antigen K. In addition, it also has fimbrial or
F antigens. The antigenic pattern of a strain is based on
the numerical type of the antigen it carries (e.g., O111:
K58:H2).
O antigen (somatic antigen) Around 170 types
of heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide O antigens have
been recognised. O antigens are associated with the
virulence of the organism. The normal colon strains
belong to the 'early' O groups (1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ), while
the enteropathogenic strains belong to the 'later' O
groups (26, 55, 86, 111, etc. ).
H antigen (flagellar antigen) H antigens are more
specific since cross-reaction between other members
is not common. 75 H antigens have been recognised
so far.
K antigen (capsular antigens) About 100 K
antigens have been recognised till date. This is an
acidic polysaccharide antigen located in the envelope
or microcapsule. K antigens are currently classified
into two groups,
Who recognized that airborne microorganisms were responsible for post surgical infections
Joseph Lister
Four main types of clinical syndromes are caused by E.Coli:
I. Urinary tract infection
II. Diarrhea
III. Septicemia, neonatal sepsis and neonatal meningitis
IV. Pyogenic infections
Select the true statement:
A) endospores are typically harder to inactivate than prions.
B) gram positives are generally easier to kill than gram negatives.
C) Mycobacteria are among the easiest types of bacteria to kill.
D) gram negatives are harder to kill than endospore-formers.
B
What is one way to test for TB?
Skin test, blood test, x-ray, sputum culture